Appleby 12
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- Last New Deal Reforms
- 1) National Housing Act 2) Farm Security Administration 3) Fair Labor Standards Act
- Civilian Conservation Corps
- offered unemployment to young men 18 to 25 => shelter belt => veterans in the CCC following second bonus march in 1935
- Wagner Act
- guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and to bargain collectively => National Labor Relations Board
- Federal Number One
- 1) Part of the Works Progress Administration 2) controversial
- John Maynard Keynes
- 1) British economist who developed Keynesian economics 2) government should spend heavily in a recession to jump start economy 3) following in the US 4) argued against Roosevelt cutting back in 1937
- African American Voting Shift
- 1) Turned to the Democratic party in 1936 2) blacks owed their welfare to the New Deal policies that had been enacted 3) African Americans had modest administration positions (Black Cabinet);
- deficit spending
- the abandonment of a balanced budget and borrowing of money to spend more than earned
- Father Coughlin
- priest from Detroit w/ radio show; wanted to inflate currency and nationalize bank system => National Union for Social Justice, which some feared would become a new political party
- Huey Long
- Governor of LA; champion of poor and downtrodden; criticized the rich; had a powerful—but corrupt—political machine
- Civil Works Administration
- hired workers to build or improve airports, 500k miles of road, 40k school buildings and 3500 playgrounds and parks. Cost was huge--1 billion in 5 months => helped people get through the winter
- Bank Holidays
- Created to stop bank runs and prevent further banks from going out of business
- Committee for Industrial Organization
- set up to organize unions that included all workers in a particular industry
- Success of first New deal
- Astonishing amount of legislation => lack of prosperity => reopened and strengthened banks => fewer houses were lost => noticeable change in the spirit of the American people => inspiring
- broker state
- government works out conflicts among different interest groups
- Congress of Industrial Organizations
- New creation of CIO; federation of industrial unions
- Election of 1932
- 1) Roosevelt (D) vs Hoover (R) 2) R wins all but six states; New Deal
- Norman Thomas
- Socialist Party Candidate in 1936; wanted increased socialism in US
- New Deal
- 1) Roosevelt's policies for ending the Depression 2) intensely popular => election in 1932
- National Industrial Recovery Act
- 1) suspended antitrust laws and allowed business 2) labor and government to cooperate in setting up voluntary rules for each industry => codes of fair competition => National Recovery Administration (NRA); "we do our part." => short-lived gains; difficult to administer => fall in industrial growth
- Social Security Act
- 1) provided security for older and unemployed workers 2) primarily an insurance measure 3) modest welfare to needy people and poor mothers with dependent children 4) monthly retirement benefit 5) unemployment insurance 6) left out many of the neediest Americans
- Court Packing Plan
- 1) R wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 2) Sent bill to congress in '37: if a justice served for 10 years and didn't retire at 70, then the president could appoint another judge; passing of the bill would have allowed Roosevelt to appoint 6 new judged immediately => R's first serious mistake => Supreme court backing down on some of R's legislation
- Second New Deal
- Started in 1935
- Farm Credit Administration
- 1) Helped farmers refinance their mortgages; good for farmers 2) took money away from the larger businesses that may have thrived from it
- Works Progress Administration
- 1) Headed by Harry Hopkins 2) largest public works program => 650K miles of highway; 125k buildings; 8k parks; 124k bridges; 3) Federal Number One, a program for artists, musicians and theatre people and writers for murals, sculptures and symphony orchestras
- Farm Security Administration
- gave loans to tenants so they could purchase farms
- Recession of 1937
- 1) Unemployment suddenly surged after industrial output had stabilized some 2) Roosevelt stopped spending for fear people were too dependent 3) Roosevelt would eventually ask for money for PWA and WPA in '38
- Securities Exchange Commission
- organization to regulate stock exchange and prevent fraud
- Frances Perkins
- 1) woman 2) appointed Secretary of Labor 3) helped pull female vote to Roosevelt's side
- Gold Standard
- it was feared R. would abandon the gold standard => bank runs
- Public Works Administration
- began work building public highways, dams, sewer systems, schools and other government facilities => breakdown of racial barriers as AAs were employed some
- Agricultural Adjustment Act
- helped farmers => greater help to larger farmers who specialized on a single crop
- Fireside Chats
- Radio addresses by Roosevelt => appeal to trust banks and stop storing money beneath a mattress => trust in banks
- American Liberty League
- Anti New Deal organization to "teach necessity of respect for the rights of person and property"
- Schechter Poultry Company v. US
- 1) Supreme Court struck down National Recovery Administration after violation of poultry code 2) legistlation could not push powers to the executive branch, which had been happening through the New Deal; 3) fear that Court might strike down entire New Deal
- Election of 1936
- 1) Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred E. Landon 2) Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont
- National Housing Act
- received 500 mil to subsidize loans for low cost housing
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- provided government insurance to bank deposits, guaranteeing a return in confidence of the bank system
- National Labor Relations Board
- organized factory elections and secret ballots to determine whether workers wanted a union => binding arbitration
- Henry Morgenthau
- 1) Treasury Secretary 2) wanted to balance budget 3) rejected by Keynesian economists
- safety net
- safeguards and relief programs
- Alfred E. Smith
- Feared that America was becoming too socialistic
- Fair Labor Standards Act
- 1) abolished child labor 2) limited workweek to 44 hours 3) first federal minimum wage at .25 cents/hour
- Roosevelt's Divided Administration
- 1) New Nationalism = government agencies should work with businesses 2) group that distrusted big business and wanted government planners to run key parts of the economy 3) "New Freedom" adherents of Wilson = trust busting and regulation to keep competition fair
- New Deal Legacy
- 1) Limited success in ending Depression 2) unemployment remained high 3) balanced competing economic interests 4) federal authority over the economy was increased through key legislation 5) broker state established 5) safety net established 6) possibly made government too powerful 7) continuing debate....
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration
- channeled money to state and local agencies to fun their relief projects "people do not eat in the long run--they eat every day
- Tennessee Valley Authority
- built dams to control floods and bring electricity to rural areas; still active today
- Home Owner's Loan Corporation
- 1) homeowners pay mortgage payments 2) bought mortgages and restructured them so they were affordable 3) government acted like a normal bank
- Hundred Days
- F1) ear that R would abandon the gold standard => bank runs => bank holidays => start of New Deal => 15 major acts to resolve economic crisis => First New Deal
- Criticism from the Left and Right of New Deal
- deficit spending; abandoned balanced budget; business alarmed at growing deficit; American Liberty League; left through Roosevelt had not gone far enough; wanted more gains
- Sit Down Strikes
- workers refused to continue working; they would just sit down; organized by CIO => United Auto Workers doing it => violence in Flint when police got on it
- Harry Hopkins
- 1) Placed in charge of FERA and later developed CWA. 2) "People don't eat in the long run--they eat every day." 3) Later put in charge of Works Progress Administration
- Townsend Plan
- Francis Townsend; federal government pay citizens over 60 a pension of 200$ a month; might lead to more spending => fear of a coalition against Roosevelt because of popularity of the idea
- binding arbitration
- dissatisfied union members could take their complaints to a neutral party who would listen to both sides on the issue