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Appleby 12

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Last New Deal Reforms
1) National Housing Act 2) Farm Security Administration 3) Fair Labor Standards Act
Civilian Conservation Corps
offered unemployment to young men 18 to 25 => shelter belt => veterans in the CCC following second bonus march in 1935
Wagner Act
guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and to bargain collectively => National Labor Relations Board
Federal Number One
1) Part of the Works Progress Administration 2) controversial
John Maynard Keynes
1) British economist who developed Keynesian economics 2) government should spend heavily in a recession to jump start economy 3) following in the US 4) argued against Roosevelt cutting back in 1937
African American Voting Shift
1) Turned to the Democratic party in 1936 2) blacks owed their welfare to the New Deal policies that had been enacted 3) African Americans had modest administration positions (Black Cabinet);
deficit spending
the abandonment of a balanced budget and borrowing of money to spend more than earned
Father Coughlin
priest from Detroit w/ radio show; wanted to inflate currency and nationalize bank system => National Union for Social Justice, which some feared would become a new political party
Huey Long
Governor of LA; champion of poor and downtrodden; criticized the rich; had a powerful—but corrupt—political machine
Civil Works Administration
hired workers to build or improve airports, 500k miles of road, 40k school buildings and 3500 playgrounds and parks. Cost was huge--1 billion in 5 months => helped people get through the winter
Bank Holidays
Created to stop bank runs and prevent further banks from going out of business
Committee for Industrial Organization
set up to organize unions that included all workers in a particular industry
Success of first New deal
Astonishing amount of legislation => lack of prosperity => reopened and strengthened banks => fewer houses were lost => noticeable change in the spirit of the American people => inspiring
broker state
government works out conflicts among different interest groups
Congress of Industrial Organizations
New creation of CIO; federation of industrial unions
Election of 1932
1) Roosevelt (D) vs Hoover (R) 2) R wins all but six states; New Deal
Norman Thomas
Socialist Party Candidate in 1936; wanted increased socialism in US
New Deal
1) Roosevelt's policies for ending the Depression 2) intensely popular => election in 1932
National Industrial Recovery Act
1) suspended antitrust laws and allowed business 2) labor and government to cooperate in setting up voluntary rules for each industry => codes of fair competition => National Recovery Administration (NRA); "we do our part." => short-lived gains; difficult to administer => fall in industrial growth
Social Security Act
1) provided security for older and unemployed workers 2) primarily an insurance measure 3) modest welfare to needy people and poor mothers with dependent children 4) monthly retirement benefit 5) unemployment insurance 6) left out many of the neediest Americans
Court Packing Plan
1) R wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 2) Sent bill to congress in '37: if a justice served for 10 years and didn't retire at 70, then the president could appoint another judge; passing of the bill would have allowed Roosevelt to appoint 6 new judged immediately => R's first serious mistake => Supreme court backing down on some of R's legislation
Second New Deal
Started in 1935
Farm Credit Administration
1) Helped farmers refinance their mortgages; good for farmers 2) took money away from the larger businesses that may have thrived from it
Works Progress Administration
1) Headed by Harry Hopkins 2) largest public works program => 650K miles of highway; 125k buildings; 8k parks; 124k bridges; 3) Federal Number One, a program for artists, musicians and theatre people and writers for murals, sculptures and symphony orchestras
Farm Security Administration
gave loans to tenants so they could purchase farms
Recession of 1937
1) Unemployment suddenly surged after industrial output had stabilized some 2) Roosevelt stopped spending for fear people were too dependent 3) Roosevelt would eventually ask for money for PWA and WPA in '38
Securities Exchange Commission
organization to regulate stock exchange and prevent fraud
Frances Perkins
1) woman 2) appointed Secretary of Labor 3) helped pull female vote to Roosevelt's side
Gold Standard
it was feared R. would abandon the gold standard => bank runs
Public Works Administration
began work building public highways, dams, sewer systems, schools and other government facilities => breakdown of racial barriers as AAs were employed some
Agricultural Adjustment Act
helped farmers => greater help to larger farmers who specialized on a single crop
Fireside Chats
Radio addresses by Roosevelt => appeal to trust banks and stop storing money beneath a mattress => trust in banks
American Liberty League
Anti New Deal organization to "teach necessity of respect for the rights of person and property"
Schechter Poultry Company v. US
1) Supreme Court struck down National Recovery Administration after violation of poultry code 2) legistlation could not push powers to the executive branch, which had been happening through the New Deal; 3) fear that Court might strike down entire New Deal
Election of 1936
1) Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred E. Landon 2) Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont
National Housing Act
received 500 mil to subsidize loans for low cost housing
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
provided government insurance to bank deposits, guaranteeing a return in confidence of the bank system
National Labor Relations Board
organized factory elections and secret ballots to determine whether workers wanted a union => binding arbitration
Henry Morgenthau
1) Treasury Secretary 2) wanted to balance budget 3) rejected by Keynesian economists
safety net
safeguards and relief programs
Alfred E. Smith
Feared that America was becoming too socialistic
Fair Labor Standards Act
1) abolished child labor 2) limited workweek to 44 hours 3) first federal minimum wage at .25 cents/hour
Roosevelt's Divided Administration
1) New Nationalism = government agencies should work with businesses 2) group that distrusted big business and wanted government planners to run key parts of the economy 3) "New Freedom" adherents of Wilson = trust busting and regulation to keep competition fair
New Deal Legacy
1) Limited success in ending Depression 2) unemployment remained high 3) balanced competing economic interests 4) federal authority over the economy was increased through key legislation 5) broker state established 5) safety net established 6) possibly made government too powerful 7) continuing debate....
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
channeled money to state and local agencies to fun their relief projects "people do not eat in the long run--they eat every day
Tennessee Valley Authority
built dams to control floods and bring electricity to rural areas; still active today
Home Owner's Loan Corporation
1) homeowners pay mortgage payments 2) bought mortgages and restructured them so they were affordable 3) government acted like a normal bank
Hundred Days
F1) ear that R would abandon the gold standard => bank runs => bank holidays => start of New Deal => 15 major acts to resolve economic crisis => First New Deal
Criticism from the Left and Right of New Deal
deficit spending; abandoned balanced budget; business alarmed at growing deficit; American Liberty League; left through Roosevelt had not gone far enough; wanted more gains
Sit Down Strikes
workers refused to continue working; they would just sit down; organized by CIO => United Auto Workers doing it => violence in Flint when police got on it
Harry Hopkins
1) Placed in charge of FERA and later developed CWA. 2) "People don't eat in the long run--they eat every day." 3) Later put in charge of Works Progress Administration
Townsend Plan
Francis Townsend; federal government pay citizens over 60 a pension of 200$ a month; might lead to more spending => fear of a coalition against Roosevelt because of popularity of the idea
binding arbitration
dissatisfied union members could take their complaints to a neutral party who would listen to both sides on the issue

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