S.S. Finals
Terms
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- Pope Urban II
- (r. 1088-1099) Called for the First Crusade at Clermont
- heliocentric theory
- Every thing revolves around the sun studied by Galelo and Copernicus
- Aristotle
- one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers
- delta
- the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet
- Zama
- the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
- armistice
- a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
- William Shakespeare
- English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
- oligarchy
- a political system governed by a few people
- Scipio
- Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)
- Renaissance
- The revival of letters, and then of art, which marks the transition from medieval to modern time.
- epics
- long poems based on historical or religious themes
- Lorenzo de Medici
- Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)
- patron
- supporter of the Renaissance
- philosophy
- a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school
- Herodutus
- a Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history.
- Johann Gutenburg
- First printing press, from Germany
- Protestant
- the Protestant churches and denominations collectively
- peninsula
- body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surrounded on three sides by water
- absolute monarchy
- a monarchy in which the ruler's power is unlimited (32)
- alliance
- the act of forming an alliance or confederation
- deforestation
- the removal of trees
- Michelangelo
- Florentine sculptor and painter and architect
- Adolf Hitler
- German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
- geocentric theory
- Every thing revolves around the earth studied by the church
- Constantine
- Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337), an emperor of the Roman Empire & the founder of Constantinople
- vegetation
- all the plant life in a particular region
- Commerce
- transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)
- divine right
- belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
- Pericles
- Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece
- tyranny
- a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
- middle class
- the social class between the lower and upper classes
- feudalism
- system in which poor people are legally bound to work for wealthy landowners
- Leanardo da Vinci
- One of the most famour artists in the Renaissance era. writer, scientist, and inventor (famous paintings: last supper and mona lisa)
- Franz Ferdinand
- archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I
- Socrates
- ancient Athenian philosopher
- dictator
- a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citezen
- the statment for religion choice and freedom
- Aeschylus
- Greek tragedian
- King John
- King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.
- textiles
- fabric, cloth, clothing
- basin
- a natural depression in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom of it
- Martin Luther
- German theologian who led the Reformation
- Queen Elizabeth I
- 1st queen of England form A.D.1588-1603 lived-A.D.1533-1603
- Homer
- ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)
- Alexander the Great
- successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement
- charter
- a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights
- Tsar
- a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)
- totalitarianism
- the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government
- blitzkrieg
- fight a quick and surprising war
- valley
- a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river
- manor
- the mansion of the lord of the manor
- depression
- a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
- colony
- a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland
- fief
- a piece of land held under the feudal system
- Punic Wars
- Roman victory over Carthage
- trench warfare
- war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas
- patrician
- a member of the aristocracy
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
- union
- the act of making or becoming a single unit
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- President of the US during Great Depression and World War II
- dictatorship
- a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
- factory
- a building where things are made using machines; the car your parents drive was made in one of these.
- Twelve Tables
- the laws of plebians
- Magna Carta
- This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights
- Plato
- ancient Athenian philosopher
- tributary
- a branch that flows into the main stream
- Olympic Games
- the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Olympia in honor of Zeus
- working class
- a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages
- Charlemane
- played role of papal protector (POPE) and expanded territory. He desired to be a universal emperor and used the church to promote social stability and order. Education became a priority of the Christian ruler. Christmas Day, 800 Pope III crowned Charlemagne Emperor and Charlemagne had restored pope to power.
- Senate
- assembly possessing high legislative powers
- Crusade
- any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims
- constitutional monarchy
- constitution that explains the powers of the government and owes allegiance to a monarch
- Vladimir Lenin
- Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)
- League of Nations
- an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
- polis
- Greek city-state
- socialism
- a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
- Robespierre
- A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.
- Parliament
- a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Great Britain)
- Julius Caesar
- A successful Roman general and famous speaker, was governer of Gaul, used army to epland control of Roman Republic, eventually becoming a dictator
- Allied Powers
- the US and its allies, which opposed Germany, Japan, and Italy during WW1
- isthmus
- a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas
- Reign of Terror
- the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
- republic
- a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
- nationalism
- love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
- communism
- a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society
- agora
- a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece
- strait
- a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water
- plebian
- The majority of Romans and they had no say in government.
- river
- a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)
- Pax Romana
- the Roman peace
- Winston Churchill
- British statesman and leader during World War II
- Ural Mountains
- a mountain range in western Russia extending from the arctic to the Caspian Sea
- island
- a zone or area resembling an island
- Copernicus
- Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
- Petrarch
- 1st humanist writer. Father of Italian writing, wrote poetry.
- Diocletian
- This emperor divided up the empire into east/west and made two rulers for each section with direct sub-rulers for each
- democracy
- a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
- vassal
- a person holding a fief
- Karl Marx
- founder of modern communism
- aristocracy
- An upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another.
- serf
- (Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
- lake
- a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land
- consul
- a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country
- plain
- extensive tract of level open land
- guild
- a formal association of people with similar interests
- Scriptorium
- a room in which manuscripts are stored, written, or copied
- Nicholas II
- the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution
- Joeseph Stalin
- Ruled as dictator, one of the world's worst leaders ever; tool over Russia when Lenin died; is infamous for creating the seris of 5 year plans that supposed to show how much industry the U.S.S.R. would have
- child labor
- using children to work in factories and businesses
- estates
- Three large social classes
- Holocaust
- the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
- peasants
- laborers of the Middle Ages
- concentration camp
- a penal camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions)
- monarchy
- an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority
- tribune
- the apse of a Christian church that contains the bishop's throne
- Treaty of Versailles
- the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
- Middle Ages
- The years between ancient and modern times.
- lord
- master of the manor
- guillotine
- instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles that KILLS you!!!!!!!!
- Reformation
- rescuing from error and returning to a rightful course
- Central Powers
- in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies
- clergy
- persons with authority to preform religious services
- revolution
- a bib change