HISTORY CHAPTERS 15 & 16 NOTES
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- What was the Northern opinion on slavery c. 1850 (percentages)?
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25% were indifferent
25% were neutral
35% were pro-free soil
12% were moderate abolitionists
3% were extreme abolitionists - What were the "M" words c. 1830?
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market
motorvation
money
methods
management
manpower
machines
materials - Market?
- population 15 million, developing communication, trade in Orient, clipper ships, railroads, installment plan purchasing
- Motorvation?
- railroads to move goods and steam power
- Money?
- greater use of corporate business model
- Methods?
- ramping up of the division of labor w/ machines replacing skilled workers
- Management?
- Gregg's attempt to bring industry to the South
- Manpower?
- New immigrants esp. Irish-farmers
- Machines?
- Sewing machjine revolutionizing the clothing industry
- Materials?
- 1790- 4,000 bales cotton; 1860-4 million bales and increase in iron production
- Weapons of management vs. Labor organization?
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-yellow dog contracts and iron clad oaths
-blacklists
-lockouts
-use of federal courts and more conservative judges to overrule state laws and state courts
-court injunctions to end strikes
-use of strikebreakers (scabs) and immigrants to undercut workers
-use of federal and state troops and company "goons"
-society's ciew (un-AMerican/anti-self-reliant)
-control of press and politicians - Rise of Unions-post Civil War? (two)
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1.Knights of Labor-founded 1869 by Terrence Powderly
-All workers (including 40,000 blacks) - Unions formed post CIvil War?
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1. Knights of Labor-founded in 1869 by Terrence Powderly
-membership of all workers (including 40,000 Blacks): in 1884- 750,000
in 1900- 100,000
-opposed strikes and wanted negotiation and arbitration
-goals included: social change, improved quality of life, ownership of factories by workers, 8 hr. day, greater equality of workers and owners, skilled and unskilled workers together.
-failed because it was seen as unAmerican (Haymarket Square Riot)
2. American Federation of Labor- founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
-only skilled craft workers were members
In 1900-500,000 members
In 1905-over 1 million
-used strikes and boycotts with "wordnest" to help during the strikes
-some goals were; higher salaries, shorter hours, better conditions, anti-socialist, closed shops
-merged with Congress of the Industrial Org. in 1955 to become the largest U.S. union
(the AFL-CIO)
-made Labor Day a legal holiday in 1891 - What were the problems with "King Cotton", i.e., the cotton industry?
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-plantation agriculture was wasteful-exhaust the soil, move west and buy more land
-economic structure became increasingly monopolistic (small farmers forced to sell out to bigger ones)
-financial instability in overspeculation of land and heavy investment in slaves themselves ($2 billion by 1860)
-subject to a one crop economy at the mercy of world conditions
-discouraged healthy diversification into other agricultural products of manufacturing
-many middlemen got rich (bankers, agents, shippers)
-falling behind the North in politics, population, and finance
-repelled European immigration (in 1860, foreign born pop. was 18.7% in North and only 4.4% in the South) - Slave owning families in 1850?
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-1,733 own 100 or more
-6,196 own 50-99
-29,733 own 20-49
-54,595 own 10-19
-80,765 own 5-9
-105,683 own 2-4
-68,820 own 1 each - Why did non-slave holding Southerners support slavery?
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-a message heard from infancy
-hope of someday holding slaves
-economic concerns on impact on South without slavery
-racial superiority
-for poor whites-feeling of being above somebody on the social ladder
-a "circle the wagon" mentality against the increasingly strident attacks of the northern abolitionists
-legal justification fro slavery - What were some methods of slave resistance?
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-preservation of culture by oral tradition
-African names
-spirituals
-broke tools
-destroying crops
-letting farm animals loose
-steal from the master
-slow down work
-escaping
-slave revolts - What are some examples of the good and bad of prison reform and mentally ill that Dorothea Dix worked to improve?
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GOOD: advanced prisons, institutions for mentally ill, improved treatments of disorders
BAD: prison torture, Patriot Act, POW's in Iraq, mentally ill treated poorly, thought of as inferior, advanced study and knowledge of disorders - What are some examples of the good and the bad that Frederick Douglas worked to change?
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GOOD: legal end of segregation, equality in rights, breaking into the political scene
BAD:discrimination, not as great representation in politics, some segregation, still hate groups in existance - What are some examples of the good and the bad of public education that Horace Mann strived to better?
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GOOD: widespread public education, required to have public schools in towns of certain pop., well-educated and trained teachers, truancy and other laws concerning school and education methods.
BAD- schools sometimes overcrowded, old and decrepit at times, standards not always up to par. - What are some examples of the good and the bad concerning women's rights that Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked to achieve?
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GOOD-allowed to vote, participation in politics, high-status careers acceptable, talk of women President, scientific achievements, etc.
BAD-sometimes discriminated against, not as represented as men in politics, mindset that women are still inferior, "glass ceiling" in companies, lower salaries than men in some instances.