Cold War Test
Mr. Hartley's Cold War test review
Terms
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- Stagflation
- economic situation in which inflation and economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time.
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program
- Whittaker Chambers
- was an American writer and editor. A Communist party member and Soviet spy, he renounced communism and became an outspoken opponent. He is best known for his testimony about the perjury and espionage of Alger Hiss
- Thurgood Marshall
- was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Before becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. He was nominated to the court by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967.
- Silicon Chips
- allowed computers to be available at homes, as their size was reduces due to this invention. Israel has to support a palestenian nation-state was never happened.
- Miranda V. Arizona
- The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.
- SALT I
- refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and the United States—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. Reducing of Nuclear Arms
- Voting Rights Act
- outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States
- Silent Majority
- unspecified large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly
- McCarthyism
- term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. This period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare, and coincided with increased fears about communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents.
- Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
- were American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history
- Cesar Chavez
- was a Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.Supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. His birthday has become a holiday in eight U.S. states. Many parks, cultural centers, libraries, schools, and streets have been named in his honor in cities across the United States.
- Affirmative Action
- refers to policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in an attempt to promote equal opportunity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and public contracting to educational outreach and health programs
- Engel v. Vitale
- case that determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools.
- Escobedo v. Illinois
- was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. The case was decided a year after the court held in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) that indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial
- Nixonomics
- was a trend in American economic policy, elaborated in August, 1971 at Camp David, where President Richard Nixon has convoked the advisors to overcome the inflation. Attempted to slow down growth in business.
- Roe v. Wade
- The decision overturned all state and federal laws outlawing or restricting abortion that were inconsistent with its holdings
- Wounded Knee
- The Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day prior, the Sioux had given up their protracted flight from the troops and willingly agreed to turn themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do so. They were met by the 7th Cavalry, who intended to use a display of force coupled with firm negotiations to gain compliance from them.
- Alcatraz
- Alcatraz Island, commonly referred to as simply Alcatraz or locally as The Rock, is a small island located in the middle of San Francisco Bay in California, United States. It served as a lighthouse, then a military fortification, then a military prison followed by a federal prison until 1963. It became a national recreation area in 1972 and received landmarking designations in 1976 and 1986
- Housing & Urban Development
- is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded in 1965 to develop and execute policy on housing and cities.
- Alger Hiss
- was a U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950
- Highway Act 1956
- was enacted on June 29, 1956, when Dwight D. Eisenhower signed this bill into law. Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.
- Medicare & Medicaid
- a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. Medicare operates as a single-payer health care system
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Gorbachev's attempts at reform — perestroika and glasnost — as well as summit conferences with United States President Ronald Reagan, contributed to the end of the Cold War, and also ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.
- Richard Nixon
- was the 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to ever resign the office. He was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953-1961).
- Elementary and Secondary Educations Act
- an extensive statute which funds primary and secondary education. As mandated in the Act, the funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and parental involvement promotion. The Act was originally authorized through 1970, however the government has reauthorized the Act every five years since its enactment
- Glasnost/Perestroika
- policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev.
- Gideon v. Wainwright
- is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys or lawyers.
- Conformity
- is the process by which an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are influenced by other people. This influence occurs in both small groups and society as a whole, and it may be the result of subtle unconscious influences, or direct and overt social pressure
- Peace Corps
- promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower
- Klaus Fuchs
- was a German-born theoretical physicist and atomic spy who was convicted of supplying information from the British and American atomic bomb research to the USSR during, and shortly after, World War II
- Civil Rights Act
- outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment
- Election of 1968
- Candidates: Nixon, Humphrey, and Wallace. Effects: Democratic Party splits and declines
- Watergate
- series of American political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the indictment of several of Nixon's closest advisors, and ultimately his resignation on August 9, 1974
- Freedom Riders
- Civil Rights Activist
- Malcolm X
- was an African American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans.
- Dolores Huerta
- co-founded the Sacramento chapter of the Community Service Organization, and in 1960 co-founded the Agricultural Workers Association. In 1962, she co-founded the National Farm Workers Association with Cesar Chávez, which would later become the Unit's Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee. In 1966, she negotiated a contract between the UFWOC and Schenley Wine Company, marking the first time that farmworkers were able to successfully collectively bargain with an agricultural enterprise
- Iran-Contra Affair
- a political scandal in the United States during the Reagan administration over an arms-for-hostages deal with Iran and funding for the Nicaraguan Contras group.
- Reaganomics
- reduce the growth of government spending, reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital, reduce government regulation of the economy, and control the money supply to reduce inflation.
- Sputnik I, 1957
- was the world's first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It circled the earth in 96.2 minutes. Launched into a low altitude eliptical orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War
- Sweat v. Painter
- was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.
- Strategic Defense Initiative
- use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction
- Camp David Accords
- signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The Accords led directly to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
- Detente
- general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s Nixon goes to China