Chapter 8 US history
Terms
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- Infant mortality rate (8.3)
- 60%
- How the Other Half Lives (8.3)
- Book by Riis; provided an idea of tenement living
- suburbs (8.3)
- residential communities surrounding cities
- tenements (8.3)
- low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in
- Sullivan (8.3)
- completed 10-story Wainwright building
- Otis (8.3)
- invented safety device for passenger elevator
- dumbbell tenement (8.3)
- building with windows in all rooms to fulfill New York Law
- political machine (8.3)
- unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power; usually headed by a single "boss;" early mafias and gangs
- Cox (8.3)
- won election for city council; honest political machine boss; worked to better the city
- Tweed (8.3)
- political machine boss of Tammany Hall; located in New York
- Great Chicago Fire (8.3)
- fire leapt from roof to roof; one of the worst of the time; don't know who started it (rumored, cow); burned basically whole city
- Graft
- the use of one's job to gain unethical profit
- gilded age (8.1)
- "layered in gold;" looked good on outside (prosperity), struggling on inside (massive poverty)
- Gould (8.1)
- Railroad executive for Erie Railroad; took money from his workers
- laissez-faire (8.1)
- "To do nothing;" no government rules to regulate business
- subsidy (8.1)
- Government payment to help certain industries; Aided mostly small businesses
- spoils system (8.1)
- "To the victor goes the spoils;" If you win, you get the prize; If you run for election, you get the job's benefits; Pick who you want to run the country (appoint non-elected positions); taken advantage of during this time, gave jobs to undeserving people
- blue laws (8.1)
- Prohibits private activities considered immoral; Ex: prohibition -> ban on alcohol (makes immoral behavior)
- civil service (8.1)
- governments non-elected workers
- Pendleton Civil Service Act (8.1)
- Classified government jobs; Tested if certain jobs' applicants were fit for their job (most important jobs)
- Coxey (8.1)
- Led groups of people to protest poverty and depression; nicknamed "Coxey's Army;" marched at the Capitol
- McKinley (8.1)
- President; Started to get the US out of its depression; 3rd President to get assassinated; believed govt should be involved in business; assassinated by an immigrant & anarchist
- Stalwarts (8.1)
- In favor of the spoils system
- Half-breeds (8.1)
- Favored reform of the spoils system
- Garfield & Arthur (8.1)
- President; known half-breed; assassinated; replaced by VP who was a stalwart
- Guiteau (8.1)
- disappointed he was not given a government job; decided to kill the president; yelled something about being a stalwart
- Cleveland (8.1)
- Served one term, ran for re-election & lost, ran for election & won.
- ghettos (8.2)
- an area dominated by one race; overcrowded, crime, pollution; now Chinatown & Little Italy
- Chinese Exclusion Act (8.2)
- stopped Chinese from entering country; Banned until 1949
- Gentleman's Agreement (8.2)
- Japanese not allowed in same schools as other people; Japan stopped issuing passports in trade for Japanese being educated in the same schools; not official
- Webb Alien Land Law (8.2)
- law in California that banned non-citizens (directed at Asians) from owning farmland
- Newlands National Reclamation Act (8.2)
- promoted irrigation of the land in the southwest. It wasn't our land, we had given it to the Indians.
- restrictive covenants (8.2)
- an agreement between landowners to rent land to people of the same race
- Pogroms (8.2)
- massacre of Jewish people in Russia
- quarantine (8.2)
- not going near people whn ill; immigrants quarantined at Ellis Island
- Ellis Island (8.2)
- place that processed immigrants; possibly were sent back at that point.
- steerage (8.2)
- the lower part (belly) of a ship; horrible place to ride; immigrants rode on it
- Birds of Passage (8.2)
- people who came to America with a temporary purpose; make money in States and send it or move back
- LaGuardia (8.2)
- modern airport; a man who worked in Ellis Island as an interpreter; grew to be mayor of New York
- Roosevelt (8.2)
- made Gentleman's Agreement with Japan
- Immigration Restriction Act (8.2)
- not specific to culture; set quotas to limit amounts from each country; open door with Mexico
- Willard (8.4)
- reformer, women's Christian temperance movement; president of Chicago chapter
- New York Charity Organization Society (8.4)
- tried to make charity a business; make organizations (like the Red Cross)
- Social Gospel Movement (8.4)
- people wanting to apply the teachings of jesus to society; church sponsored reform movement
- settlement house (8.4)
- community center; cultural events, classes & exhibits for free, used for people to sleep and eat too; similar to YMCA & Boys and Girls Club
- Hull House (8.4)
- mansion in Chicago; open to the poor (settlement house); spawned many settlement houses, but this was the most famous.
- sociology (8.4)
- study of how people interact with one another in society
- nativism (8.4)
- favoring native-born Americans over immigrants; not Native Americans, the people who came over first
- Immigration Restricted League (8.4)
- hoped to exclude immigrants by giving them literacy tests
- Temperance Movement (8.4)
- organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption; organized by average citizens
- prohibition (8.4)
- ban on manufacturing and selling of alcoholic beverages
- American Protective Association (8.4)
- trying to focus on American culture; did not like ghettos; wanted to dissuade people from continuing heritage; wanted English to be the only language taught in schools
- vice (8.4)
- bad habits that are detrimental to society; corruption, alcohol