Geology Final 2

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what kind of volcanic rock would you find at the Mid-Atlantic ridge?: pillow lava
clay materials in shale are deposited..: physically
CaCO3, or calcite (limestone), is most soluble in which type of water?: cold water (fresh or salt)
which metamorphic facies would occur at a subduction zone (high pressure, low temperature)?: blueschist
which would be the best type of index fossil for the Cambrian period?: trilobite
the substudy of geology that is focused on the succession of sedimentary rock layers is:: stratigraphy
which of the following drives the rock cycle?: internal heat of the earth
which of the following is diagnostic of minerals by itself?: x-ray diffraction pattern
which of the following sequences is listed corrected in terms of Mohs hardness scale?: apatite, quartz, corundum
which mineral crystallizes first from a mafic magma?: olivine
A geologic contact between rocks, in which the sedimentary rock was deposited on a granite: nonconformity
a metamorphic rock that is so high grade that it has almost melted:: migmatite
which of the following has the longest half-life?: rubidium-87
which of the following might be involved in studyign the earth?: all of the above
an example of a theory is:: 1 and 2
scientists are completly objective: false
a website report on an experiment that was created independently and without consultation or critical review can be good science: false
rocks are unit composition; they cannot be broken into smaller pieces of different composition: flase
the mineral quartz comes in many colors: true
a sedimentary rock can only be formed from weathering/erosion of an igneous rock: false
an example of a scientific law is: thermodynamic behavior
pure science is driven by:: curiosity
probably the best experiment to study the history of flooding on the Mississippi River is:: dig or drill into floodplain, examine record of floods in sediments
Which of the following sounds like a good, relevant hypothesis?: "Is the center of the earth made of liquid metal, responciple for the geomagnetic field?"
The old dude who knows that a theory is never proven and can always be questioned is:: Alfred Wegener, father of plate techtonics
which of the following is NOT a mineral?: obsidian
which of the following IS a mineral?: graphite
What is the building block of most of the minerals in the Earth?: silica tetrahedra
The faces of a cut gemstone reflect:: none of the above
There are thousands of minerals; but how many of these are common, rock-forming?: 30
IS it possible for a chemical composition (like pure carbon) to come in multiple minerals; as in multiple atomic structures?: yes
Minerals can grow, or crystalize, 1) from a magma, 2) in the solid state, and 3) from:: aqueous solutions (precipitation)
What would you find in a kimberlite pipe?: diamonds
At a subduction zone, rocks melt mainly because of:: addition of volatiles (water from subducting oceanic rocks)
What causes melting at mid-ocean ridges and is responciple for producing magma that makes up all of the ocean floor?: decompression melting
why are volcanic rocks fine-grained (small crystals)?: all of the above
The first step in the cycle of forming a sedimentary rock is:: weathering
Physical properties of minerals and the tremendous variety of minerals are due to:: chemical composition and atomic structure
Chemical composition of a mineral depends on:: 2 and 4 only
What type of atomic bond is strong and due to electron sharing?: covalent bond
In class, you looked at granite, rhyolite, and obsidian (3 very different rocks). Did these rocks have approximately the same chemical composition?: yes
Mt. Pinatubo is what kind of volcano (it has ash, explosions, etc.): composite, or strato volcano
The earth's mantle consists of a sea of a sea of magma - it is all molten below 30km depth: false
an igneous intrusive rock that is mafic is:: gabbro
How are clastic sediments deposited?: by gravity
The composition with the least amount of silica is:: ultramafic
With increasing duration of sedimentary transport, what happens?: 2 and 3 only
A gravel (sediment) forms what as a rock?: conglomerate
What is stratigaphy: layers of sediment
What is an example of an organic sediment?: coal
Aside from composition, what else is used to classify igneous rock types?: grainsize
Hawaii is made of basalt (low viscosity) and thus is a:: shield volcano
Bowen's reaction series is best defined as:: sequence of minerals that differentiates (crystallizes) from a magama as it cools
A huge, irregularly shaped igneous intrustion (like at Yosemite in CA) is a:: batholith
A pyroclastic flow forms a rock known as:: tuff
What type of sediment do you expect in the Salton Sea?: evaporite minerals
Subsidence, compaction, cementation, and chemical alteration occur during:: lithification/diagenesis
What rock type would you expect in an alluvial fan?: conglomerate
Heat and pressure increase with depth in the earth: true
"Arenite"; sandstone, well-sorted, mature minerals (mainly quartz), would form at:: beach
"Shale"; mudstone, made from clay minerals, would form where?: deep ocean, far from land
Chert would form where?: deep ocean, on the sea floor
Which of the following can provide a clock by which absolute ages can be measured:: radioactive decay
Which of the following rocks would be the most usful for absolute dating: granite
Contact metamorphism involves:: a nearby magmatic intrusion
If a limestone is metamorphosed, what rock will it become?: marble
Which of the following is the highest metamorphic grade?: gneiss
The layering and fabric in metamorphic rocks that is not the same as sedimentary layering is what?: foliation
Relative time in a stratigraphic column is based on:: 2,3, 4, and 5
What makes fossils and faunal succession work, as far as being a tool relative dating and correlating stratigraphic columns?: evolution is a global phenomenon
Why can we use radioactive decay to measure absolute ages?: rates of decay are constant and measureable
Radioactive isotopes are described in terms of parent and daughter atoms.: true
If the half-life of Uranium-238 is 4.5 billion years, how much of the original uranium is left in the oldest Earth rocks?: just more than half
The age of the Earth is:: 4.6 billion years
Why are complex names used for the relative geologic timescale?: absolute dating was not developed until mid 20th-century, so relative names were used
Placing geologic events in a sequence based on simple rules is:: relative dating
A gap within the sequence of forming layers and rocks, that can represent a large period of time is:: unconformity
To what color are all galaxies shifted due to expansion of the universe?: red
the continental crust grew by distillation (magmatism) and amalgamation (collision) during:: Archean era
How do we know the atmosphere became oxygen rich 3.0 billion years ago?: banded iron formations
The earth's core (inner+outer) makes up:: 10-20% of the earth volume
What type of plate boundary occurs between North America and the Atlantic ocean?: passive margin
Where would you find the oldest oceanic crust?: offshore VA
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to changes with increasing distances from a mid-ocean ridge?: thickness of oceanic lithosphere
At 5cm/year on the San Andreas fault, and today 600km apart, how long before LA is adjacent to Oakland?: 12 million years
An example of a place dominated by normal faulting is:: Basin and Range, USA
Which of the following was a caldera eruption?: Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake), 4700 BC
If forced to live near a volcano, which might be the most useful tool in deciding where to build a home?: topographic map
When soft, wet sediments lose strenth and shift during earthquake shaking:: liquefaction
During which orogeny did the African continent collide with the North American continent?: Alleghanian
The continental crust is:: thicker than oceanic crust
What would be the best place to construct a "monumant to humanity" that would survive for hundreds of millions of years?: central Canada - a craton
Scientists' best guess of how the universe was formed is called:: big bang
Our star, the sun, is a:: at least a second generation star
Which of the following is thought to have happened in the first moments of the universe:: creation of all matter
The carbon atons that make up your body were formed:: prior to a supernova in a preexisting star
What fuels the sun and causes it to radiate energy?: hydrogen
Why did matter accrete to form stars, solar systems, and galaxies after the big bang?: gravity
Our best guess for the origin of the moon is that it was captured intact as an astroid into the earth's orbit: false
4 billion years ago, or just before the "second differentation", the earth's surface was:: covered by one ocean
The first forms of life to evolve in the Archean, more than 3 billion years ago, were:: prokaryotes
What does K-T boundary stand for?: Cretaceous-Tertiary
The Cambrian Explosion represents the most intense example of what in earth history?: biologtic diversification
Where did the heat come from for the "First Differentation"?: meteorite impacts, gravitational potential energy
Why did climate change in early earth history?: removal of CO2 from the atmosphere
4 billion years ago, the length of a day was:: shorter
How do we know the length of the day during the Archean?: stromatolite fossils
How do we know the lower (younger) age limit for the time the earth formed?: moon rocks
How do we know what was going on in the earth's crust during the first stages of plate technonics?: greenstone belts
The major difference between the outer and inner core is due to:: presure-temperature and phase
The earth's inner core is:: solid
What evidence tells us the nature of the earth's outer core?: 2 and 3
The P-Wave Shadow is due to:: refraction of seismic waves at core-mantle boundary
The earth's magnetic field changes (reverses) through time.: true
The base of the crust is called:: the Moho
The continents are higher than the sea floor because:: isotasy
What is cyanobacteria good for?: making oxygen
Most of the new oceanic crust (sea floor) is created by magmatism at:: mid-ocean ridges
North America is a "supercontinent" like Pangea: false
The plates in plate tectonics are:: lithosphere
What forms at mid-ocean ridges?: pillow basalt
10-km deep trenches in the sea floor are due to:: subduction
what is the most important thing driving plate tectonics?: mantle convection
the emergence of plate tectonics in the 1960s was a revolution for science: true
how old is the oldest oceanic crust?: 200 million years
Plate motions are generally:: centimeters per year
The earth is expanding volumetrically due to creation of new sea floor: false
Which of the following would you expect at a continental collision zone?: thrust faults, folds
Are Appalachian folds actively forming?: no
Which word describes mountain building?: orogeny, orogenic
What instrument was most important for the revolution of plate tectonics in the 1960s?: echo sounder
What is a paleo-pole?: past position of the north magnetic pole relative to a continent held-fixed
Strike-slip faults are a part of plate tectonics because:: geometric accidents between plates
Continental crust subducts and is recycled into the mantle: true
Planar features along which rocks slide against each other (brittle deformation) are:: faults
Folding occurs:: in the lower continental crust
What type of force is exerted at a collision zone?: compression
No earthquakes greater than Magnitude 3 has ever struck the US east of the Rock Mountains: false
Seismologists can forecast earthquakes based on elastic strain accumulation to within:: decades
The source area for earthquake energy in large earthquakes is:: a fault plane
Earthquake magnitude is linear; there's a 2x increase in energy released between one-step increase in magnitude: false
The frequency of earthquakes of a given magnitude is related to the magnitude, and decreases exponentially as magnitude increases.: true
Which two things exert the most important control on earthquake hazards?: location and construction (economy)
What is a killer pulse?: high energy of seismic waves near source, exponential decay with distance away
the key to eruptive style of volcanism is:: magma viscosity
Hawaii, the Columbia flood basalts, and Yellowstone are examples of what type of volcanic province?: mantle hot-spot
How are pyroclastic flows most different from simple landslides of rock?: they are always hotter
Eruption of which of the following would affect the greatest number of people?: caldera
A lahar is made up of:: mud
the majority of rock produced by a Plinian column is:: ash
Which of the following is a composite volcano?: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
Which describes the explosion of Mt. St. Helens?: edifice collapse
Geology is almost exclusively (>99%) concerned with the study of rocks: false

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