Animial Biology
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- Life on Earth originated
- 3.5 and 4.0 bya(billion years ago)
- Earth formed
- 4.5 bya
- Oldest fossils of prokaryotes
- 3.5 bya
- Towo domains of Prokaryotes
- Archea and Bacteria
- Tpyes of prokaryotes living near hrothermal vents and in shallow water communities that left fossils
- Stromatolites
- Oxygen accumilated in the atmosphere
- 2.7 bya
- Eurkaryotic life began
- 2.1 bya
- Oldest fossils of eukaaryotic cells
- 2.1 bya
- Eukaryotic cell evolveed from
- Prokayotic ancestor that hosted smaller internal prokaryotes
- Multiceluar eukaryotes evolved
- 1.2 bya
- Oldest fossils of animals
- 600 mya
- Animal diversity exploded (when?)
- Cambrian period 540-520 mya
- Plants, fungi and animals colonized the land
- about 500 mya
- Symbiotic relationship (between what two forms?) contributed to the move onto land
- Plants and Fungi
- The fisrt cells have originated
- by chemical evolution on a young Earth (an overview p. 516 figure 26.9)
- Life today arises from
- Biogenesis
- Abiotic synthesis of organic momomers is a testable hypothesis
- Lab experiments performed under conditions stimulating those of the primitive Eart have produced diverse organic molecules from inorganic precursors
- What might have been the first genetic material?
- RNA
- Protobionts cna form by self assembly
- Organic molecules synthesized in the lab have spontaneously assemble into a variety of droplets with some of the properties associated with life
- The main explanation for the lack of a continuing abiotic origin of life on Earth today is that
- Much less visible light is reaching Earth to serve as an energy source
- RNA provides the template for nucleotides to assemble into what?
- DNA
- Fossilized mats called Stromatolites
- Date 305 bya ad contain fossils that resembl;e modern filamentous prokaryotes
- The oxygen reolution changed Earth's enviroment dramatically,What adaptation took advantage of the change?
- The evolution of cuelluar respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from fuel molecules
- The oldest known fossils of muticelluar eukaryotes
- Filamentous Algae that date from 1.2 bya
- Competition among various protobionts may have led to evoutionary involvement only when?
- Some kind of heredity mechanism developed
- Which of the following represents a probabe order in the biological history of Earth?
- Metabolism before mitosis
- One current debate raises the issue that, rather than beginning in shallow pols, life could have begun
- Near deep sea vents
- What step has not been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life?
- Formation of protobionts that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids
- Current debates about the number and boundaries of the kingdoms of life center mainly on which groups of organisms?
- Prokaryotes and single-celled eukayotes
- What was the hypothesis that Stanly Miller and Harold Urey were testing with their experiments?
- That conditions on the early Earth favored synthesis of organic miolecules from inorganic ingredients
- What is a ribozyme?
- An RNA miolecule that functions as a catlyst.
- Why wa the origin of membranes enclosing protein-nucleic acid cooperatives a key step i nthe onset of Darwinian evolution (natural selection)?
- In contrast to random mingling of molecules in an open solution, segregation of molecular systems by membranes resulted in seselection for the most successoful self-replicating aggregates
- Put the following events in order from the earliest to the most recent: diversification of animals (cambrian explosion), evolution of eukaryotic cells, first humans, colonization of land by plants and fungi, origin of prokaryotes, evolution of multicellu
-
1. Origin of prokaryotes
2. Evolution of eukayotic cells
3. Evolution of muticelluar eukayotes
4. diversification of animals (Cambrian explosion)
5. Colonization of land by plants and fungi, evolution of land animals, first humans - What is the relationship between stromatolites and microbial mats?
- Stromatolites are fossils of microbial mats
- What are the two taxonomic domains of prokaryotes?
- Archea and Bacteria
- Structure, nutrition, and life history
- Define animals
- Multicelluear, heterotrophic eukayotes thgest their food and lack cell walls
- Animals
- Whats follows the blastula, resulting in the formation of embryotic tissue layers?
- Gastrulation
- What genes regulate the development of body form?
- Hox genes
- Animal kingdom probably evolved from what?
-
Colonial, flagellated protist
(colonial Choanoflagellate) - Sets of hypotheses that are rined to accomadate new data
- Phylogentic trees
- Traditional phulogentic trees of amimals was primarily based on grades in what?
- Body Plans
- Four major branchings in the animal kingdom
-
1. Parazoa-Emetazoa dichotomy
2. Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy
3. the presence vs absence of body cavities
4. the Protosome -Deuterostome dichotomy among animals with true coeloms - Most animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span of geologic time
- The causes of the Canbrian explosion may have been one or some combination of ecological changes, or genetis changes associated with the evlution fof Hox genes
- Evo-devo may clarify our understanding of the Cambiran diversification
- Diversification of body plans based on the evolution of Hox genes probably accounts for the early branching of bilateria into the deuterosome and two protosome clades
- The distinction between the parzoans and eumentazoans is based mainly on te absence versus the presence of
- True tissues
- As a group, acoelomates are characterized by
- a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs
- What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa?
- Their SSU-rRNA sequences are quite similar and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterotomes.
- How does the molecular based phylogenic tree differ from the grade-based tree?
-
1. placement of the acoelomates abd psudocoelomates within the Protostomia
2. division of the protostomes into clades Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa - Bilateral symmetry in the animal Kindom is best correlated with
- Motility and active predation and escape
- A direct consequence of indeterminate cleavage is
- The ability of cells isolated from the early embryo to develop into viable individuals
- Which of the following was the least likely factor in the Cambrian explosion?
- the movement of animals onto land
- Among the characteristics unique to animals is
- gastrulation
- Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?
- Porifera
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Which of the following subdivisions of animal kingdom encompases all the others in the list?
a.protostomes
b.bilateria
c.pseudocelomates
d.coelomates
e. deuterostomes - Bilatera
- What is the function of Hox genes in animals?
- They regulate the development of an embryo' body plan
- Contrast the grade - based and the molecular-based phylogenies in their placement of the acoelomates (flatworms)
- In the grade-based phylogeny, the aceolomate condition is considered to be primitive, and the flatworms thus moves the acoelomates up to the protosome branch, suggesting, that the acoelomate condition evolved secondarily from an encestor with a coelom.
- Why have palentologists not been able to deduce the sequence of phylogentic branching among animal phyla from the fossil record?
- On the vast scale of geologic time, the origins of all the anumal phyla are compressed into a very short span of time- the Cambrian explosion - thus the sequence of their appearance cannot be resolved.
- Phylum Porifera
- Sponges are sesile with porous bodies and choanocytes
- Lack tissues and organs. They filter -feed by drawing water though pores
- Sponges
- Endomembranes contributed to larger, more complex cells
- Eukayotes may have evolved from specialized infoldings of the plasma membrane if ancestral prokaryotes
- Evolved from enosybiotic bacteria
- Mitochondria and plastids
- Descendants of cyanobacteria and aerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes, respectively, they took up residence within evolving eukaryotic cells
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Eukaryotic cell is a chimera (collection) of prokaryotic ancestors
- In the eukaryotic genome, some of the genes of the acestral endosymbionts have been transferred from the organelles to the nucleus
- Research on the relationship between the three domains is changing ideas about the deepest branching in the tree of life
- The base of the treee of life may not be represented by a "Trunk" (a singe common ancestor) but by a community in which genes were transferred extensively.
- Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
- secondary endosymbiosis of an algal protist by a hetertrophic protist, which left the new endosymbiont wrapped in vacuole membrane
- Apicomplexans
- Parasites of animals
- Parasites disseminate as tiny infections cells
- Sponzoites
- Aquatic photoautotrophs
- Algae
- The geleral term for the class of eurkaryotic organelles that includes chloroplasts, as well as other types of plastids both photosynthetic and nonphotsynthetic
- Plastids
- The theory that proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living with larger cells
- Serial endosymbosis
- Cell that lives with in another cell called the host cell
- Endosymbiont
- The gene of small robosomal subunit (SSU-rRNA)
- Present in all organisms
- Plastids of some algal groups, those with envelopes having more than two membrances wee acquired by
- Secondary endosymbiosis
- Eukayotes first acquired the ancestors of plastids by engulfing cyan bacteria
- Primary endosymbiosis
- Green algae and plants evolved from a sommon photoautrophic ancestor
- Chlorophyta
- Red algae lack flagella
- Rhodophyta
- Simplest chlorophytes are biflagellated unicells which resemble gametes and zoospores of complez chloroplasts
- Chlamydomonas
- Cellular extensions
- pseudopodia
- Rhizopods
- Amoebas
- Actinpoda ("Ray Foot")
- Heliozoans and Radolarians
- A reference to the slender psudopodia that radiate from these exceptionally beautiful protists
- Axopodia
- Helozoans
- Sun animals live in fresh water
- Several groups of mostly marine actinpods with skeletons fused into one deicate piece, most commonly made of silica
- Radiolarian
- All Marine, 90 % of all identified species are fossils, porous shells
- Forams, Foraminifera
- Feeding stage if the life cycle ia na amoeboid mass
- Plasmodium
- Plasmodial slime molds
- myxogastrids
- Nematocysts
- Stinging capsules
- Phyla Cnidaria
- Have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity and cnidocytes
- Phylum Ctenophora
- Comb jellies posses rowss of ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts