AP Exam
Terms
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- chemical bonds
- interactions between the valence electrons of atoms
- monosomic
- one copy of the chromosome
- benthic zone
- located at the bottom layer of all aquatic biomes and it is made up of sand and organic and in organic sediments
- aneuploidy
- having the incorrect chromosome number because of nondisjunction
- glycolysis
- glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules; net results are 2 ATP and 2 NADH
- 3 plant cell types
- parenchyman cells(metabolism);Collenchyma(support growing in plants); Sclerenchyma cells(support a.k.a. fibers and sclereids)
- abiotic components
- nonliving, chemical, and physical components
- covalent bond
- when valence electrons are shared by 2 atoms
- gastrulation
- drastic rearrangement of cells in the blastula
- sinoatrial node
- pacemaker of the heart
- five kingdom system
- Monera, protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia
- antigens
- foreign molecules that elicit a response by lymphocytes
- endothermic
- animals are warmed by the heat generated by their metabolism
- ethnology
- study of animal behavior
- catabolism
- process by which molecules are broken down and their energy is released ex. fermentation and cellular respiration
- systole
- contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
- Bulk flow
- movement of water through the plant by pressure
- duchenne muscular dystrophy
- progressive weakening of the muscle, caused by an absense of protein called dystrophin
- biomes
- major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions
- adhesion
- the clinging of one substance to a water molecule
- translation
- synthesis of polypeptides
- tonoplast
- reg. molecules going into and out of the vacuole
- macroevolution
- origin of new taxonomic groups
- synapsis
- joining of 2 pairs of homologous chromosomes along their length
- aquaporins
- channels in the plant cell walls specifically designed for the passage of water
- pleiotropy
- ability of a gene to affect many different traits in an organism
- transpiration
- loss of water varpor from the leaves and other parts of the plant in contact with air
- phylogeny
- evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species
- antibodies
- proteins secreted by B cells in a n immune response
- karyotype
- a picture of the complete set of chromosomes, from largest to smallest
- disaccharides
- two monosaccharides ex. sucrose, maltose, and lactose
- inversion
- chromosome fragment breaking off and then reattaching to its orginal position but backwards
- symbiotic
- form relationships with other species
- sepals
- protect the floral bud before it opens
- angiosperms
- flowering plants
- organogenesis
- development of the 2 germ layers into the rudiments of organs
- evo-devo
- field where evolutionary biology and developmental biology meet
- tropism
- growth response in a plant that results in the plant growing either toward or away from the stimulus
- fragmentation
- form of asexual reprod. in which an individual breaks into several pieces, which then form into complete adults.
- translocation
- when the chromosome fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome
- turgor pressure
- pressure exerted against the cell wall when the cell is filled with water
- population
- a group of interbreeding individuals that live in a certain geographic area
- law of independent assortment
- each pair of alleles will segregate independently during gamete formation
- coelomates
- possess a body cavity filled with fluid
- linkage map
- genetic map that is based on the recombination frequencies, and map units are used to express distances along the chromosome
- apoplast
- nonliving continuum that is formed by teh extracellular pathway formed by the continuous matrix of cell walls
- thermoclines
- narrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters
- Physiology
- the study of the functions of an organism
- Hydrogen bonds
- weak-like in water
- axillary buds
- located at the top end of the stem and is where growth usually occurs
- guard cells
- control the size of the opening in the stomata and therefore regulate the plants water intake
- tracheal systems
- air tubes that branch through the body and open to the outside
- trisomic
- 3 copies of the chromosome
- ionic bonds
- when the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom
- transcription
- synthesis of RNA and DNA as a template.
- mass number
- number of protons and neutrons
- denitrification
- process by which some bacteria can get the oxygen they need for metabolism from nitrate rather than form O2
- phototropism
- growth of a shoot in a certain direction as a response to light
- interstitial fluid
- internal environmental of an animal
- photomorphogenesis
- term used to describe the effects of light on plant morphology
- phosopholipids
- make up cell membrane
- Casparian strip
- prevents substances from going around the cells
- extraembryonic membranes
- function in gas exchange, waste storage, and the transport of nutrients to the embryo
- symplast
- continuum of cytoplasm that is connected by plasmodesmata
- ecotothermic
- animals do not produce enough heat by metabolism to influence their body temp.
- enzymatic hydrolysis
- reaction by which macromolecules are broken up.
- biotic components
- liveing components of an envrionment
- interspecific competitions
- resources occur when resources are in short supply
- cognition
- ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use info. from sensory receptors
- asexual reproduction
- produces clones
- agonistic behavior
- a contest that involves threatening and submissive behavior over a resource
- genetics
- study of heredity and variation
- carbohydrates
- cell-to-cell recognition
- bottleneck effect
- natural disaster or some other event cause a drastic reduction in the size of a population
- atrioventricular node
- delays the impulses from the SA node to allow the atria to completely empty before the ventricles contract
- biological magnification
- toxins beome more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web
- Hardy-Weinburg theory
- situation in which the allele frequencies within a population are not changing
- eutrophic lakes
- shallower and they have hgiher nutrient content; high phytoplankton
- petiole
- joins the leaf to a node of the stem
- polymers
- long chains of monomers
- cuticle
- waxy layer made up of polymers that seals water into the cell
- heredity
- defined as the transmission of tarits from one generation to the next
- Down syndrome
- having an extra chromosome 21
- atomic number
- number of protons
- four anatomical features
- notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; and a muscular tail
- hydrogen ion
- proton with a charge of +1
- cephalization
- concentration of sensory equipment at one end
- protiens
- plymers of amino acid monomers
- shoot system
- above the ground
- Krebs cycle
- net results 4CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2
- diastole
- relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
- stele
- a central cylinder of vascular tissue in which xylem and phloem both develop
- carpels
- female reproductive organs
- chaparral
- dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs
- convergent evolution
- 2 organisms become alike because they adapted to similar environmental challenges
- salivary amylase
- hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose
- Polysaccarides
- storage of carbs. ex. starch; in animals carbs. are stored in glycogen; cellulose; and chitin
- circadian rhythms
- physiological cycles that have a frequency of about 24 hours and that are not paced by a known environmental variable
- gymnosperms
- have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective coating
- batesian mimicry
- situation in which a non-poisonous animal has evolved to mimic the colorations of a poisonous animal
- autonomic nervous system
- transmits signals that reg. the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscle.
- transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
- water is lost through transpiration which creates a negative pressure, which draws water up through the plant
- peripheral proteins
- loosely bound to membrane surface
- amino acids
- organic molecules that conatin a carboxyl goup and an amino group
- Mutations
- alterations in the genetic material of the cell
- transpiration
- water evaporates from the leaves of plants
- non-polar covalent bonds
- when electrons being shared are shared equally by 2 atoms
- antidiuretic hormone
- important hormone in the reg. of water balance
- polar covalent bonds
- 2 atoms have diff. electronegativiteis, unequaling sharing of electrons
- genes
- DNA segments
- Hemophilia
- having blood with an inability to clot normally
- gastrin
- stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
- epiphytes
- grow on the surface of plants
- stamens
- male reproductive organs
- codominance
- occurs when 2 alleles are dominant and affect the phenotype in two different and equal ways
- founder effect
- when a few memebers of a population colonize an isolated location
- three-domain system
- eubacteria, archae, and eukarya
- Mitotic Cell Cycle
- interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
- integral protiens
- are completely embedded in the membrane
- oligotrophic lakes
- deep lakes that lack nutrients and contain sparse phytoplankton
- petals
- attract insects and other pollinators to the plant with its color and fragrance
- gene pool
- total aggregate of genes
- specific heat
- the amount of heat required to raise or lower the temp. of a substance 1 degree celsius
- biodiversity
- community is determined by its size and geographic location
- complete dominance
- the heterozygote and the homozygote for the dominant allele are indistinguishable
- epistasis
- refers to the ability of a gene at one location to alter the effects of a gene at a distant location
- macronutrients
- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium
- pepsin
- enzyme in gastric juice that begins to hydolyze proteins into smaller polypeptides
- micronutrients
- chlorine, iron, boron,manganese,zinc, copper, molybdenum, and nickel
- niche
- sum total of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
- fats
- glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
- root system
- below the ground
- terminal bud
- top end of the stem and is where growth usually occurs
- monosaccharides
- simplest sugars such as glucose and fructose
- acoelomates
- ex. flatworms; have no cavities
- homeotic genes
- location and organization of body parts ex. Hox
- ozone layer
- reduces the amount of penetration of UV ratdiation from the sun through the atmosphere
- polygenic inheritance
- 2 or more genes have an additive effect on a single character in the phenotype
- vascular tissue
- continuous through the plant and responsible for transporting materials between the roots and shoots