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Psych-CH.13

Terms

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personality
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
psychoanalysis
Freud\'s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drive. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
ego
the largely conscious, \"executive\" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the the id\'s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id\'s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct zones.
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy\'s sexual desires towards his mom and feelings of hatred or jealous towards dad.
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents\' values into their developing superegos.
fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at and earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego\'s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one\'s actions.
displacement
psychoanalytic defens mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
denial
defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
collective unconscious
Carl Jung\'s concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species\' history
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one\'s inner dynamics.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories the make up about ambiguous scenes.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify peoples\' inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of blots.
terror-management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people\'s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one\'s potential
unconditional positive regard
according to rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
personality inventory
a question-naire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
empirically derived test
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
social cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people\'s traits and their social context
reciprocal determination
the interacting of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
personal control
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
spotlight effect
overestimating others\' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.
self-esteem
one\'s feelings of high or low self-esteem
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

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