Comm 160 Midterm
Terms
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- Harmonia
- Balance of the spiritual, appetitive, and rational
- Fallacy
- Any unsound mode of arguing, which appears to demand our conviction, and to be decisive of the question at hand, when in fairness it is not
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4 examples of fallacies of reasoning
Eve Ate Canned Sardines -
1. Example (not supported/relevant)
2. Analogies (are items compared similar)
3. Cause (can there be other causes)
4. Sign (relation does not mean correlation) -
4 examples of fallacies of language
All vegetables look green -
1. ambiguity (definition of words)
2. verbalism (being unnecessarily wordy)
3. loaded language (emotional words)
4. grammatical structure - Pseudoarguments
- fallacies created (by accident or design) by distortion, confusion, manipulation, or avoidance of the matters at issue or by substitution of matters not germane to the issue
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First 3 examples of pseudoarguments
Oats Are Icky -
1. Offering irrelevancy (beyond limits)
2. Arguing in a circle
3. Ignoring the issue (off topic) - Hierarchy of evidence (best to worst)
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Journals
Books (recent)
Government documents
Newspapers
Magazines
Websites - Coercion
- The threat or use of force
- Persuasion
- Communication intended to influence the acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values of others
- Propaganda
- the use of persuasion by a group in a sustained, organized campaign using multiple media for the purpose of influencing a mass audience
- Critical thinking
- the ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas; to reason inductively and deductively; and to reach factual or judgmental conclusions based on sound inferences drawn from unambiguous statements of knowledge or belief
- Applied debate
- real decisions made; audience has the power to decide; has a purpose; can result in a change in status quo
- Academic debate
- Educational exercise; audience does not have the power to make decisions or change status quo
- Status quo
- the existing state of things; the present system
- Dialectic
- the back and forth asking and answering of questions
- Claim
- the conclusion we seek to establish by our arguments; the concise statement of the point we are making
- Claims of fact
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1. Functional: establish existence or non-existence, define, etc.
2. Temporal: past, present, future facts; related to time - Claims of value
- Deals with good or bad, moral or immoral
- Claims of policy
- Introduces a plan to solve a specific problem
- Data
- the grounds for an argument, usually in the form of evidence to establish a case
- Warrant
- Evidence and reasoning that links the data and claim; justifies the move from grounds to claim
- Who was Toulmin and why did he create his model?
- A philosopher; because he believed that was the way people really reasoned
- What does the Toulmin model look like?
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Claim-------------Data
Warrant - Argumentation
- reason given in communicative situations by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values
- Significance
- The degree of importance or impact attached to an issue; shows that a problem is quantitatively and qualitatively important AKA harms
- Inherency
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Sources of the problem, barriers
1. structural: policies, laws, physical objects
2. attitudinal: way people think
3. existential: caused by status quo - Solvency
- The ability for a plan to work and reduce harms
- Direct evidence
- Proof of a fact without needing any other proof
- Presumptive evidence
- Evidence that shows the existence of a fact by proving other related facts
- Primary evidence
- Best evidence available; original/first-hand
- Secondary evidence
- Second-hand evidence; better evidence available
- Ambiguity
- When the meaning of a phrase, word, or passage can be reasonable interpreted in two or more ways
- Rhetoric
- the art of discovering ways to make truth seem more probable to an audience that isn't completely convinced
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5 Cannons of Rhetoric
Irene Ate Some Moldy Dough -
1. Invention: come up w/ an argument
2. arrangement: how argument organized
3. style: tone, use of stories or lists
4. memory: able to memorize
5. delivery: how you present yourself - 4 Functions of rhetoric according to Aristotle
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1. Prevents injustice
2. Educates
3. Makes us see all sides of a case
4. Means of defense - Debate
- the process of inquiry and advocacy; the seeking of a reasoned judgment on a proposition
- Good reasons
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Reasons that are psychologically compelling for a given audience that make further inquiry unnecessary
influenced by: history, biography, culture, and/or character of audience - Presumption
- a predisposition favoring a given side in a dispute
- Proposition
- a statement or judgment that identifies the central issue in a debate (fact, value, or policy)
- Need
- AKA Harm; refers to problem existing in the status quo that requires remedy
- Why was an olive tree economy important?
- It required little work so people had lots of time during the year to think about philosophy and debate
- Who was Kenneth Burke?
- a literary scholar who created the dramatic pentad
- Dramatism
- Language is a human response to a situation
- 3 forms of persuasion
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1. Unintended persuasion: when we hear a message not intended for us
2. coercion: threat of force
3. propaganda: opinion of a group - Order of Stock Issues Outline
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Introduction
Significance/Harms
Inherency
Solvency
Conclusion - Who is Walter Fisher?
- creator of the narrative paradigm
- Narrative paradigm
- people like to tell and hear stories; the narrative paradigm determines if a story is useful
- Narrative Coherence
- part of the narrative paradigm; the way a story fits together and flows
- Narrative fidelity
- part of the narrative paradigm; if a story sounds possible
- Tests of evidence
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1. Is there enough?
2. Is it clear?
3. Is it consistent with common knowledge?
4. Is it consistent with other evidence?
5. Can it be verified? - Parts of Introduction in Stock Issues format
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A. Attention getter
B. Thesis
C. Justification
D. Speaker credibility
E. Preview of main points - Parts of conclusion in stock issues format
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A. Review main points
B. final plea
C. visualization
D. Tie back to attention getter