Pathology chapter 21 Review Male Genital Tract

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30 year old man comes to his physician because he has noticed increasing enlargement and a feeling of heaviness in his scrotum for the past year. Right testis is twice its normal size, and it is firm and slightly tender. An ultrasound shows a 3.5cm solid: Mixed germ cell tumor. Although a modest elevation of the hCG concentration can occur when a seminoma contains some syncytial giant cells, significant elevation of the AFP level never occurs with pure seminomas. Elevated AFP and hCG effectively exclude the diagnosis of a pure seminoma and indicate the presence of a nonseminomatous tumor of the mixed type. The most common form of testicular neoplasm combines multiple elements; thus the term "teratocarcinoma" is sometimes used to describe tumors with elements of teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor. The yolk sac element explains the high AFP level. Mixed tumors may include seminoma.
What hormone may Leydig cell tumors elaborate: Androgens
What do Choriocarcinomas secrete: High levels of hCG, but no AFP
For the past year, a 65 year old man has had multiple, recurrent urinary tract infections. E coli and streptococcal organisms have been cultured from his urine during several of these episodes, with bacterial counts of more than 10^5. He has difficulty w: Prostatic nodular hyperplasia. Prostatic nodular hyperplasia is common in older men. When it causes obstruction of the prostatic urethra, it can predispose to bacterial infections. Vesicoureteral reflux is more likely to be present at an earlier age, and it does not account for the obstructive symptoms the patient has on urination. Prostatic adenocarcinomas are less likely than hyperplasia to cause obstructive symptoms
What is a condition that can occur in uncircumcised males; it may be congenital or acquired from inflammation.: Phimosis
35 year old man has noticed a slight enlargement of the right testis over the past 3 months. He has also noticed bilateral breast enlargement over the past 6 months. Right testis is 1.5 times larger than the left testis. Both are firm and normal to touch: Rounded cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm containing crystalloids of Reinke. The patient has a Leydig cell tumor of the testis. These tumors are most often small benign masses that may go unnoticed. Some patients, however, have gynecomastia caused by androgenic or estrogenic hormone production by the tumor. Most patients are young to middle-aged men; sexual precocity may occur in the few boys who have such tumors.
A prostatic growth with back-to-back irregular glands lined by cells with nuclei containing prominent nucleoli suggests what: Prostatic adenocarcinoma
A growth containing large monomorphic lymphoid cells with scant cytoplasm, clumped chromatin, and prominent nucleoli suggests what: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
What characteristic symptom would be present with acute orchitis caused by diffuse suppurative inflammation: Diffuse suppurative inflammation indicates an infection, which should make the mass very tender
A growth with full-thickness epithelial dysplasia and an intact underlying basement membrane suggests what: Epithelial dysplasia may be seen involving transitional or squamous epithelial surfaces
A testicular growth that contains elements of the three primary germ layers, with cartilage, squamous epithelium, and glands, suggests what: A teratoma
A testicular growth that contains nests of large polyhedral cells with watery cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, surrounded by a lymphoid stroma, suggests what: A seminoma
A testicular growth that contains rounded cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm containing crystalloids of Reinke suggests what: A Leydig cell tumor
A growth that contains syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts arranged in sheets, with extensive hemorrhage and necrosis, suggests what: A choriocarcinoma
A 23 year old sexually active man has been treated for N gonorrhoeae infection several times during the past 5 years. He now comes to the physician because of the increasing number and size of warty lesions on his external genitalia. The lesions have enl: Thickened squamous epithelium with acanthosis, koilocytosis, and overlying hyperkeratosis. This patient's lesions are characteristic of condyloma acuminata, which is typical of human papillomavirus infection. A condyloma acuminatum is a benign, recurrent squamous epithelial proliferation resulting from infection with HPV, one of the many sexually transmitted diseases that can occur in sexually active persons. Koilocytosis is particulary characteristic of HPV infection. Recurrent gonococcal infection indicates that the patient is sexually active
What will cause suppurative lesions on the penis in which there may be liquefactive necrosis and a neutrophilic exudate or mixed inflammatory infiltrates with chancroid: Gonococcal infection
55 year old man has dysuria, increased frequency, and urgency of urination for the past 6 months. He has sometimes experienced mild lower back pain. Afebrile. No costovertebral angle tenderness. The prostate gland feels normal in size; no nodules are pal: Chronic abacterial prostatitis. The patient has more than 10 leukocytes per high-power field, indicating prostatitis. Chronic abacterial prostatitis is the most common form of the disorder. Patients typically do not have a history of recurrent urinary tract infections.
32 year old man has noticed an increased feeling of heaviness in his scrotum for the past 10 months. On physical exam, the left testis is three times the size of the right testis and is firm on palpation. US shows a 6cm solid mass within the body of the: Yolk sac cells. AFP is a product of yolk sac cells that can be demonstrated by immunohistochemical testing. Pure yolk sac tumors are rare in adults, but yolk sac components are common in mixed nonseminomatous tumors.
What cells produce androgens: Leydig cells
What do syncytiotrophoblasts produce: Human chorionic gonadotropin
25 year old man has occasionaly felt pain in the scrotum for the past 3 months. The right testis is more tender than the left but does not appear to be appreciably enlarged. US shows a 1.5 cm mass. A right orchiectomy is performed, and gross examination: Human chorionic gonadotropin. This patient has a choriocarcinoma, the most aggressive testicular carcinoma. It often metastasizes widely. The primitive syncytial cells mimic the syncytiotrophoblast of placental tissue and, therefore, stain for hCG.
When is vimentin likely to be seen in immunohistochemical stains of the testes: In sarcomas, which are rare in the testicular region
CD20 is a lymphoid marker for what cells: B cells
Where is testoterone found: Leydig cells
Where is carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) found: A varitey of epithelial neoplasms, particulary adenocarcinomas
What is a marker for ovarian epithelial malignant tumors: Cancer antigen 125
70 year old man comes to his physician for a routine health exam. Prostate is normal in size. PSA level 17, four times the upper limit of normal and twice the value reported 1 year ago in this patient. Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Patient is health: Poorly differentiated glands lined by a single layer of epithelium and packed back to back. The PSA level is significantly elevated in this patient. The increase over time is more likely to be indicative of carcinoma. Typically, prostatic carcinomas are adenocarcinomas that form small glands packed back to back; unlike hyperplastic glands, malignant glands are lined by a single layer of epithelium. Many adenocarcinomas of the prostate do not produce obstructive symptoms and may not be palpable on digital rectal exam. Hyperplasias can increase the PSA level, although not to a high level that increases significantly over time. Prostatitis, like hyperplasia, can elevate the PSA level slightly
35 year old man and his 33 year old wife are childless. They have tried to conceive a child for 12 years and believe that time is running out for them. They undergo an infertility workup. Neither spouse has remarkable findings. The man has a sperm count: Mumps virus infection. Mumps is a common childhood infection that can produce parotitis. Adults who have this infection more often develop orchitis. The orchitis is usually not severe, and its involvement of the testis is patchy; therefore, infertility is not a common outcome.
What disease results from failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum normally; the abnormally positioned testis becomes atrophic throughout: Cryptorchidism
What is the name of a fluid collection outside the body of the testis that does not interfere with spermatogenesis: Hydrocele
What are two things that can cause generalized tubular atrophy in the testis: Klinefelter syndrome and estrogen therapy
What does patchy loss of seminiferous tubules indicate: A local inflammatory process
The mother of a 2year old child notices that he has had increasing asymmetric enlargement of the scrotum over the past 6 month. There is a well-circumscribed 2.5cm mass in the left testis. Sheets of cells and ill-defined glands composed of cuboidal cells: Yolk sac tumor. Yolk sac tumors are typically seen in boys younger than 3 years of age. The primitive glomeruloid structures are known as Schiller-Duval bodies.
What type of testicular tumor contains large, hyperchromatic, syncytiotrophoblastic cells: Choriocarcinoma
What testicular tumor has sheets and nests of cells resembling primitive germ cells, often with an intervening lymphoid stroma: Seminomas
Embryonal carcinomas with yolk sac cells are seen in what age group: Adults.
A 19 year old man comes to his physician complaining of worsening local pain and irritation with difficult urination over the past 3 years. He has become more sexually active during the past year and describes his eretions as painful. Physical exam show: Phimosis. Phimosis can be congenital but is more often a consequence of multiple episodes of balanitis (inflammation of the glans penis or foreskin). Balanitis leads to scarring that prevents retraction of the foreskin. Forcible retraction may result in vascular compromise, with further inflammation and swelling (paraphimosis).
What is the name of a congenital condition where the penile urethra opens onto the dorsal surface of the penis: Epispadias
What is the name of a premalignant lesion of the penile shaft resulting from viral infection; it appears with multiple papules on the penile shaft and perineum that may coalesce and resemble condyloma. It frequently regresses spontaneously and does not p: Bowenoid papulosis
How will Candidiasis present on the penis: Shallow ulcerations that are intensely pruritic
19 year old man comes to his physician for a routine health maintenance examination. No left testis palpable in the scrotum. Healthy patient, no major illnesses, normal sexual function. What counsel should be given to this patient: He is at increased risk of developing a testicular tumor. This patien has cryptorchidism, which results from failure of the testis to descend during fetal development. One or both testes may be involved. It is associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer. An undescended testis eventually atrophies during childhood. Unilateral cryptorchidism usually does not lead to infertility, but it may be associated with atrophy of the contralateral descended testis.
5 year old boy has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. Urine cultures have grown E coli, P mirabilis, and enterococcus. Abnormal constricted opening of the urethra on the ventral aspect of the penis, about 1.5cm from the tip of the glans pen: Hypospadias. Hypospadias is a congenital condition seen in about 1 in 300 male infants. The inguinal hernia and the cryptorchidism are abnormalites that may accompany this condition
What is the name for a constriction preventing retraction of the prepuce: Phimosis. It can be congenital but more likely is the result of inflammation of the foreskin of the penis (eg balanitis, a form of local inflammation of the glans penis).
What is Bowen disease: Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis, which occurs in adults
46 year old man with a history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because he has had painful, erosive, markedly pruritic lesions on the glans penis, scrotum, and inguinal regions of the skin for the past 2 months. Irregular, sh: Budding cells with pseudohyphae. Genital candidiais can occur in persons without underlying illnesses, but it is far more common in those with diabetes mellitus. Warm, moist conditions at these sites favor fungal growth.
Where are scabies mites likely to be found: In linear burrows in epidermis scraped from the extremities
Scrapings that reveal spirochetes under darkfield examinination indicate what: Syphilis
A clinical trial of two pharmacologic agents compares one agent that inhibits 5alpha-reductase and diminishes dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis in the prostate with another agent that acts as an alpha1-adrenergic receptor. The subjects are 40-80 years: Nodular hyperplasia. Androgens are the major hormonal stimuli of glandular and stromal proliferation resulting in nodular prostatic hyperplasia. Although testosterone production decreases with age, prostatic hyperplasia increases, probably because of an increased expression of hormonal receptors that enhance the effect of DHT that is present. The 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride, diminish the prostate volume, specifically the glandular component, leading to improved urine flow. However, the alpha1-adrenergic receptor blockers, sush as tamsulosin, cause smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate to relax, which relieves symtoms and improves urine flow immediately
A 33 year old man has noted asymmetric enlargement of the scrotum over the past 4 months. The right testis is twice its normal size and has increased tenderness to palpation. The right testis is removed. The epididymis and the upper aspect of the right t: Tuberculosis. TB is an uncommon infection in the testes, but it can occur with disseminated disease. The infection typically starts in the epididymis and spreads to the body of the testis.
What produces patchy orchitis with minimal inflammation, which heals with patchy fibrosis?: Mumps
What disease involves the body of the testis, and there can be gummatous inflammation with neutrophils, necrosis, and some mononuclear cells: Syphilis
A 48 year old man has noticed a reddish area on the penis for 3 months. He has had no episodes of sexual intercourse for more than 1 month. Solitary 0.8cm plaquelike, erythematous area on the distal shaft of the penis. A routine microbiologic culture wit: Bowen disease. Bowen disease is a form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Like carcinoma in situ elsewhere, it has a natural history of progression to invasive cancer if untreated. Poor hygiene and infection with HPV (particularly 16 and 18) are factors that favor development of dysplasias and cancer of the genital epithelia
What sexually transmitted disease produces a hard chancre: Syphilis
What sexually transmitted disease produces a soft chancre: Haemophilus ducreyi infections
What do Condylomas appear like: Raised, whitish lesions
85 year old man comes to the physician because he had had urinary hesitancy and nocturia for the past 6 months. On digital rectal exam, there is a hard, irregular prostate gland. A bone scan shows increased areas of uptake in the throacic and lumbar vert: Stage D2, Gleason grade 5,5. The presence of a hard irregular nodule, along with the extremely high PSA level, points most clearly to prostate carcinoma. Modest elevations of the PSA concentration can occur in nodular hyperplasia of the prostate and prostatitis. Symptoms of urinary obstruction are more prominent in nodular hyperplasia because the nodules are in the periurethral region, but this sign is not sufficient to distinguish cancer from hyperplasia. Similarly, renal failure due to obstruction or infiltration is more common with nodular hyperplasia but can occur with cancer as well. Levels of alkaline phosphatase are elevated when prostate carcinoma gives rise to osteoblastic metastases. Although staging and grading schemes for malignant disease appear daunting, they are applied intuitively. The lowest stage is the smallest, most localized tumor; higher stages represent larger tumors or spread of the disease inside or outside of the primary organ site. Grading schemes also start with the lowest, most well differentiated tumor, as seen with the microscope. Higher-grade tumors have increasingly abnormal-appearing cells and structures so poorly differentiated that they hardly resembe their site of origin. In this case, the prostate cancer has the highest grade (it does not have glandular structures) and the highest stage (it has metastasized to the spine)
59 year od man notices gradual enlargement of the scrotum over the course of 1 year. The growth is not painful but produces a sensation of heaviness. He has no problems with sexual function. Physical examination shows no lesions of the overlying scrotal: Hydrocele. Hydrocele is one of the most common causes of scrotal enlargement. It consists of a fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis. Most cases are idiopathic, although some may result from local inflammation.
What is the name for a collection of dilated veins in the scrotum (pampiniform plexus) that may produce increased warmth, which inhibits spermatogenesis: Varicocele
What is the name for a complication of parasitic filarial infections involving the inguinal lymphatics: Elephantiasis
What scrotal lesion involves the body of the testis without marked enlargement but with tenderness: Orchitis
An otherwise healthy 72 year old man has had increasing difficulty with urination for the past 10 years. He now has to get up several times each night because of a feeling of urgency, but each time the urine volume is not great. He has difficulty startin: Hyperplastic nodules of stroma and glands lined by two layers of epithelium. The clinical features are typical of nodular hyperplasia of the prostate. Slight elevation of the PSA level can occur with nodular hyperplasia. A PSA level that remains unchanged for a year, as in this case, is unlikely to be found with a prostate cancer. The area of the prostate most often involved in nodular hyperplasia producing significant obstruction is the inner (transitional and periurethral zone). The hyperplastic nodules consist of proliferating glands, lined by two layers of cells, and the intervening fibromuscular stroma.
What prostatic lesion will have foci of chronic inflammatory cells in the stroma and in normal-appearing glands: Prostatitis. It may cause dysuria and increased frequency because of inflammation, but it is less common than hyperplasia in older males and is less likely to produce obstructive symptoms
What prostatic lesion will have areas of liquefactive necrosis filled with neutrophils: Acute prostatitis
Over the past 9 months, a 30 year old man has noticed increased heaviness with enlargement of the scrotum. There is an enlarged, firm, left testis but no other remarkable physical findings. An US shows a 5cm solid mass within the body of the left testis.: Elevation of hCG and AFP levels. The tumor has elements of all three germ layers and is a teratoma. It is uncommon for teratomas in adult men to be completely benign. The most common additional histologic component is embryonal carcinoma. The elevated levels of hCG and AFP indicate that this is a mixed tumor with elements of choriocarcinoma and yolk sac cells. The size of the tumor, age of the patient, location of the tumor, and differentiation of the glandular epithelium are not markers of malignancy. Upon examining more histologic sections from the mass, the pathologist will find malignant elements
71 year old currently healthy man comes to his physician for a checkup because he is worried about his family history of prostate cancer. Physical exam does not indicate any abnormalities. Because of the patient's age and family history, his PSA is immed: Monitoring PSA levels. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a potential precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. By itself it does not warrant therapy, because only about one third of patients diagnosed with PIN develop invasive cancer within 10 years. Conversely, in about 80% of cases in which prostate cancer is present, PIN can be found in the surrounding tissue. PIN does not usually increase the PSA levels. In this case, the elevation in PSA levels was probably caused by the coexistent hyperplasia. Thus, following the patient with PSA tests can aid in determining if cancer has developed
25 year old previously healthy man suddenly develops severe pain in the scrotum. The pain continues unabated for 6 hours, and he goes to the ER. Afebrile. There is exquisite tenderness: Obstruction of blood flow. The markedly hemorrhagic appearance results from testicular torsion that obstructs venous outflow to a greater extent than the arterial supply. Doppler ultrasound shows reduced or no vascular flow in the affected testis. An abnormally positioned or anchored testis in the scrotum is a risk factor for this condition.

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