Chapter 9 Questions
Terms
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The research design for a quantitative study involves decisions with regard to all of the following except:Which conceptual framework to use,
Whether there will be an intervention,
What types of comparisons will be made,
How many times dat - Which conceptual framework to use
- One of the functions of a rigorous research design in quantitative studies, including nonexperimental studies, is to have control over:
- Extraneous variables
- A true experiment requires all the following except:A) Control B)Manipulation C)Double-blind procedures D) Randomization
- Double-blind procedures
- When researchers simultaneously manipulate two independent variables, the design is a:
- Factorial design
- How many hypotheses can be tested in a 2 × 2 factorial design?
- 3
- The use of a random numbers table for assigning subjects to groups eliminates:
- Selection threat
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Which of the following must be present in quasi-experimental research?
A)A comparison group
B)Manipulation of a variable C)Matching of subjects
D)Randomization - Manipulation of a variable
- A one-group pretest-posttest design is an example of a:
- Preexperimental design
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In order for a researcher to examine interaction effects, which of the following designs must be used? A)A nonequivalent control group design
B)A case-control design
C)A factorial design
D)A prospective design - A factorial design
- What feature of a nonequivalent control group design makes it quasi-experimental rather than preexperimental?
- The use of a pretest
- A pretest is to a posttest as:
- The baseline measure is to the outcome measure
- One weakness associated with ex post facto research is the:
- Problem of self-selection into groups
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Which of the following research designs is weakest in terms of the researcher's ability to establish causality?
A)Experimental
B)Ex post facto
C)Preexperimental
D)Quasi-experimental - Ex post facto
- In an ex post facto study, as compared with an experimental study, the researcher forfeits control of:
- The independent variable
- In a study in which medical diagnosis is the independent variable, an ex post facto study is essential because the independent variable:
- Inherently cannot be manipulated
- If a researcher wanted to describe the relationship between women's age and frequency of performing breast self-examination, the study would be classified as:
- Descriptive correlational
- Studies that collect data at one point in time are referred to as:
- Cross-sectional studies
- A study that followed, over a 20-year period, users and nonusers of oral contraceptives to determine if there were any long-term side effects would be called a:
- Prospective study
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Which of the following designs involves the use of the same subjects at several points in time?
A) Trend study
B) Cross-sectional study C) Panel study
D) All of the above - Panel study
- Constancy of conditions is often enhanced through:
- Having standard written research protocols
- Using the principle of homogeneity to control for extraneous variables has implications for:
- Generalizability of the findings
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Ways by which a researcher can control extraneous variables in an ex post facto study include all of the following except:
A)Using a homogeneous sampleB)Analysis of covariance
C)Matching subjects
D)Randomization - Randomization
- The most effective method of controlling extraneous variables is by:
- Randomization
- The researcher must know in advance the extraneous variables that are to be controlled for which of the following procedures?
- History
- In a nonequivalent control group design, the most serious threat to internal validity is:
- Selection
- A study is internally valid if:
- All alternative explanations of the results can be ruled out
- The sampling plan for a research study affects the study's:
- Selection threat
- Which of the following can reduce the statistical conclusion validity of a study?
- Low power
- The researcher manipulates the independent variable in experimental research.
- True
- The experimental treatment is the dependent variable.
- False
- Quasi-experimental research requires the use of a comparison group.
- False
- The most effective method for equalizing groups of subjects that are being compared in a study is matching.
- False
- The one-group pretest-posttest design is an example of a preexperimental design.
- True
- The type of quantitative research that has the least controls associated with it is called quasi-experimental.
- False
- In a pretest-posttest design, a researcher collects data from subjects twice.
- True
- Preexperimental, quasi-experimental, and experimental research have one common feature: manipulation.
- True
- The purpose of both experimental and ex post facto research is to determine the relationships that exist between the variables of interest.
- True
- A researcher would choose a nonexperimental approach when ethical constraints prevented manipulation of the independent variable.
- True
- A case-control design is typically used in preexperimental studies.
- False
- A major weakness of ex post facto research is the risk of making faulty interpretations from the results.
- True
- A potential problem in an experimental study is the high risk of self-selection bias.
- False
- A study that focused on cognitive development among preterm infants would ideally use a cross-sectional design.
- False
- Retrospective designs are stronger in elucidating causal relationships than are prospective designs.
- False
- More than one type of research control technique may be used in the same study.
- True
- A heterogeneous sample helps to control the influence of extraneous variables in a study.
- False
- If there is no constancy of conditions in a study, history becomes a potential threat to its internal validity.
- True
- The threat of mortality can arise as a result of differential attrition from groups.
- True
- The threat of maturation is one that applies primarily to studies involving children.
- False
- The major threat to the internal validity of a case-control study is typically the maturation threat.
- False
- One way to weaken the statistical conclusion validity of a study is to use too large a sample.
- False