World History pt. 1
Terms
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- Pythagoras
- Greek Philosopher, religious teacher, and mathematician
- Archimedes
- Greek Mathematican, physicist, and inventor who first stated the principals underlying specific gravity and the use of the lever
- Euclid
- Greek Mathematican, who wrote a famous book on Geometry
- Vergil
- Roman poet, author of the Aeneid, also the author of Virgil.
- Hippocrates
- Greek Physician called the father of medicine
- Aqueduct
- Artifical channels or large pipes for bringing water from a distance; structers that support such channels or pipes.
- Despotism
- Government rule by someone with unlimited power
- inflation
- a sharp increase in prices resulting in great expansion of money supply
- Diaspora
- In the first and second centries AD communties outside of Judea were many jews lived including Alexandria, Damasus, and Babylon. The scattering of the jews after their captivity in Babylon.
- Punic Wars
- The three major wars faught by Carhage and Rome between 264 and 146 BC the control of the western mediterranean
- Hannibal
- Carthaginian gerneral who fought the Romans and invaded Italy
- Octavian
- Grand nepheW and Heir of Julus Caesar the First emperor of Rome from 27 BC to 14 AD the roman senate gave his the honary title of Agustus meaning \"the majestic\"
- Carthage
- City and Sea port of ancient times in North Africa founded by the Phoenicians; destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC and rebuilt in 29 BC and finally destroid by the Arabs in 698 AD
- Plebeians
- the common peoplef Ancient Rome; usualy small farmers and trades people
- Pyrrhic Victory
- Victory at too great a cost; Pyrrhus king of Epirus who defeated the roman armies but lost so many men in doing so that he could not attack Rome itself
- Patricians
- Members of nobility of Acient Rome composed of the families decended from the orginal body of roman citizens
- Republic
- Nation or state in which the citizens elect representaives to manage the government which is usually headed by a president
- Classical Culture
- the blend of greek and roman culture that form the roots of western civilization
- Rome
- Capital of Italy, Tiber River, acient city in the same place; Capital City of the Roman Empire.
- Julius Caesar
- Roman Gereral statesman and Historian
- Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
- Brother of Gaius who shared an effort to bring a social and political reform to Rome: Roman social and political reformer brother of Tiberius
- Ptolemy
- Astronomer whose writings were accepted for 1500 years
- Pax Romana
- \"Roman Peace\" the first two centries of the roman empire from 27 BC to 180 AD
- Cicero
- Master statesman and orator of the Golden Age; wrote many essays and speeches
- Galen
- MOst Famous DOctor of Acient times; sidcovered that arteries contain Blood
- Plutarch
- His Parelle Lives included many biographies of Greeks and Romans
- Monsoons
- Seasonal winds of the Indian Oceanand southern Asia blowing from the southest form April to October and from the northest for the rest of the year
- Subcontinent
- a vast subdivision of a continent
- Ganges River
- River flowing across northern India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal; it is reguared as sacred by the Hindus
- Hinduism
- The dominate Indian Religion parts of the Hindusim part Caste system and the worship on one god, Braham(many faces)
- Reincarnations
- the rebirth of the soul ion a new body
- Epics
- long narrative poems that tell adventres and achievements of one or more great heros
- Caste System
- The rigid social organization that separates people into classes at birth
- Buddhism
- the religion that attempted to reform hinduism
- Siddhartha Gautama
- A religios teacher of Northern India and the founder od Buddism known as the Buddah; a title meaning \"the enlighted one\"
- Chandragupta Maurya
- Indian Emperor and founder of the Mauryan Empire
- Asoka
- Indian Empire 273-232 BC the Mauryan dynasty who gave India unity, peace, and a responsible government; Responsible for spreading Buddism throughout the easteren hemispere
- Guptas
- A line of kings who encouraged learning, literature, and art
- Peshawar
- Capital city of India after the Kushan Invasion
- Tamils
- People of southern India who are decendents of acient dravidians and speak the Dravidian language as Tamil.
- Himalayan Mountains
- Natural Barriers that isolate India
- Haung River
- tHE river whose basin was the cradle of Chinese civilization
- Confucius
- The name given in the west to Kong Fuzi, a great and influential Chinese leader.
- Chang River
- The World\'s deapest river and one of China\'s main Trade Routes
- Laozi
- the man whose teachings formed the basis of Taoism
- Xi River
- The river that empties into the south China Sea at one of the few natural harbors in China
- Mandate of Heaven
- The Chinese Theroy of government that held that all rulers were expected to govern justly
- Silk Road
- A caravan trading toute running from China to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea
- Feudal state
- An area ruled by a nobel who receives authority from, and is responsible to, the king
- Tang Dynasty
- A 300 year long dynasy that came to power in 618 Ad and gave China a golden age
- Wu Di
- The important Han Ruler who expanded China\'s Border in the North, South, and West
- Shi Huangdi
- The Strong Emperor who uniied warring Chinese states and weakened the power of the nobles
- Qin Dynasty
- The short lived dynasty that goverened with absolute rule from 221-206 BC
- Zhou Dynasty
- The Dynasty that came to power in 1027 BC and ruled China Longest
- Sahara
- The desert that covers one- fourth of the African Continent; the world\'s largest desert
- Kalahari Desert
- A desert in southern Africa
- Niger River
- One of the four great rivers of africa along which existed large trading cities
- Kush
- The African Kingdom that florished from abot 750 BC- 350AD
- Lineage
- Several generations of a people all descended from the same person
- Griots
- Professional recordkeepers, historians and poltiical advisors to cheifs in early west africa
- Berng Strait
- The narrow strip of water that now separates North American and Asia near the Artic Ocean
- Maya
- The Acient American Indian people of Central American and Mexico. The Maya had a highly developed civilization from AD 300-900
- Yucatan Peninsula
- The birthplace of early Maya culture
- Ideographic
- The writing system in which symbols stand for ideas
- Cuneiform
- Wedge-shaped writing used by Sumerians that later adopted by other ancient people in the fertile crescent
- Polis
- In early Greek Society, a settlement established by a clan for protection from outside attackers
- Minoans
- The people who developed a civilization on Crete
- Mythology
- Group of Myths relating to a particular country or person
- Australopethecians
- Group of extinct promates whose fossil remains have been found throughout the world
- Neanderthal People
- Low-browed and barrel-cheated people whose brians were slightly larger than shoe of moden people
- Cro-Magnon People
- The Poepl from whom moden humans descended
- Ziggurat
- An ancient temple in the form of ta great pyramid with each story smaller than that below
- Hammurabi
- King of Babylon who established a famous code of laws
- Aristotle
- Greek Philosopher and scientist who was the tutor of Alexander the Great
- Socrates
- Athenian Philosper whose teachings were written down bny Plato
- Archimeded
- Scientist who made an important discovery about measuring volume
- Carhage
- City and seaport of acient times in Northern Africa, founded by the Phoenicians
- Athens
- City on the costal plain of Attica where democratic government developed
- Troy
- City located on the hellspont that controlled trade between the Aegean and the Black Sea
- Homo Erectus
- An extenct species of prehistoric human beings of the pleistocene period- prehumans who walked upright
- Homo Sapiens
- The species including all existing races of human beings means intelgent human beings
- Mespotamia
- The acient name for the eastern portion od the fertile cresent lying between the Tigris and Eupharates
- Nebchadnezzar
- King of Babylon from 605-652 BC established the Chalder empire aka the new bablian empire
- Aberham
- The ancestor of the hebrews, the founder of Judism
- Canaanites
- Semitic people who settled along the eastern coast of Mediternaean sea. Conquered by the Arameans and ancient Jews about 1200 BC
- Plato
- Greek Philosopher the pupil of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle
- Moses
- the great leader and law giver of the jews who led them out of Egypt
- Loess
- Fine rich yellowish brown soil usually despotited by the wind
- Sophists
- A group of teachers of Metoric philosophy and ethics in acient Greece
- Irrigation
- The process of suppling crops with water by using ditches and sprinkling and so forth
- Macedonia
- Ancient country in southeastern Europe north of greece at one time ruled by Alex the great.
- Polytheism
- Belief in more than one god
- Battle of Marathon
- Decisive victory for the Athenians over the Persiansin. 490 BC. After the battle a runner ran twenty-six miles the athens with news of victory
- Middle East
- Religion extended from Suda, Egypt, and Turkey. In the west to Iran, in the East Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Sauda Arabia.
- Bible
- The collection of Sacred writtings of the Christian religion compromising the old and new testament the form of the old accepted by jews
- Aegean sea
- Sea between Turkey and Greece an arm of the Mediterranean Sea
- Monotheism
- doctrine or belief that there is only one god
- Judaism
- Relgion on the Jews based on the teachings of Moses and the Prophets as found in the Bible and on the interpretations of the Rabbis
- Neolithic Period
- THe last psrt of the stone afe 6000BC-3000BC \"The New Stone Age\"- marked by the begining of agriculture and polished stone tools
- Glaciation
- The Process of covering with ice or glaciers
- Epicurus
- Greek Philosopher who taught that pleasure is the highest good, but that true pleasure depends on self-control, moderation and honerable behavior
- Alphebet
- the letetrs of a language arranged in their usual order, bnot as they are in words, a set of letter or characters responding sounds in writing
- Agriculture
- Science, art, or occupation or cultavating the soil, including the production of crops and the raising of livestock- developed during neolithic period
- Hunter gathers
- People who rely entirely on hunting wild animals and gathering roots, berriesm fruits, and nuts for their existence
- City State
- an independent state consisting of a city and the territories depending on it
- Fertile Crescent
- Cresent shaped strip of land extending from the east shore of the Med. Sea to the Persian Gulf known for the great soil
- Potter\'s Wheel
- A rotating horizontal disk set pon a vertical sxle; wet clay\'s thrown on the disk or wheel and molded into dishes vases pots and so on
- Ice Age
- The era from 1.5 Mil BC. -8000 BC - At least four long periods when polar ice caps extended across the continents
- Bronze
- a reddish brown metal mae by melting together the right amount of tin and copper
- hieroglyphics
- syste mof writing usind pictures characters or symbols standing for words ideas or sounds
- Torah
- the entire body of jewish law and tradition also the first five books of the old testament
- China
- A country in eastern Asia whose civilization developed along the Huang River
- Specialization of Labor
- the practice od dividing work so that those people most skilled in a particular task perform only those tasks. WHile others specilize in other jobs
- Nomad
- member of a tribe that moves from place to place to have food or pasture for its livestock. This way of life developed during the Neolithic period
- Pharaoh
- The title of any of the kings of ancient Egypt; from the Egyptian word meaning \"Royal house\"
- Hellenistic age
- A time of great economic growth and of cultural exchange btw. the East and the West- following Alexander the Great\'s Death in 323
- Euripides
- Greek Dramatist
- Aeschylus
- greek tragic poet, and dramatist; considered by many to be the father of tragedy
- Lebanon
- Country in the middle eastern end of the mediteranian, north of the isreal; ancient site of the phoenican city-states.
- Thucydides
- Greek historian author of History of the peloponnesian war.
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon
- In the ancient city of Babylon, the lush roof-top gardens regarded by the greeks as one of the seven wonders on the world
- Indus Valley
- The area along the Indus river in what is now pakistan western India, where an ancient civilization flourished between 2500 B.C. & 1500 b.c
- Mesolithic period
- the middle part of the stone age, lasting from 8000 to 6000 BC \"The Middle Stone Age\"
- Paleolithic Period
- the earliest part of the stone age lasted from 2 mil BC to 8000 Bc \"The Old Stone Age\" tools were crudely chipped out of stone
- Despot
- Monarch having unlimited power; absolute ruler
- King Menes
- The ruler of the upper Egypt who united his kingdom with the kingdom of lower Egypt to the form the worlds first national government
- Peloponesian War
- Begin 431 the struggle of the sparta led city-states of ancient GReece against others
- Dynasty
- Succession of rulers who belong to the same family
- theocracy
- Government in whicha god is recognized as the surpreme civil ruler & in which religious authorities rule the state as the God\'s represenatives
- Mycenaens
- people from the Caspian Sea region, who invaded the greek penninsula about 1900 BC & established a flourishing cvilization
- Sophocles
- Greek tragic poet & dramatists
- Persian Empire
- Ancient empire in western & southwestern asia conqured by Alex The Great in 334-331
- Pericles
- Athenian Statesman orator & military commander under whose leadership ancient athen\'s relened its peak of culture and power
- Egypt
- Country in northeastern africa located along the nile river the cradle of an ancient civilization
- Aristophanes
- Greek writer of comedies
- Ninevah
- Capital of Ancient assyria It\'s runs are on the Tigris River opposite mosul in northern Iraq
- Empire
- group of countries or states under one ruler or government
- Herodotus
- Greek historian called the father of history
- Hominids
- A family of primates that includes human beings \"two legged primates\"
- Stotics
- Membersof an ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by zeno this school taught thatvirtue is the highest good one should be free from passion and unmoved by lifes end
- Protagoras
- GReek philosopher and teacher one of the sophists