Respiratory II
Terms
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- cleft lip and palate
- birth defects occur in 6th to 10th week of preg bones and tissues of baby's upper jaw nose and mouth don't fuse together to form rof of mouth and upper lip
- what happens when there isn't enough tissue in developing mouth and palate
- won't fuse together could be born with partial incomplete cleft palate or complete cleft palate
- babies born with cleft lip have
- gap or opening in skin of upper lip
- incomplete cleft palate
- an opening in only the soft palate in back of roof of mouth
- complete cleft palatwe occurs
- front part of roof on moueteh hard palate and soft palate haven't fused togwether
- many cases baby born with complete cleft palate also has
- cleft lip
- nasal congestion stuffiness or obstruction to nasal breathing is
- one of man's oldest and most common complaints
- as age progresses there is a tendency for the septum
- to bend to one side or the other oer foer an irregular shelf of cartilage or bone to develop SEPTAL SPUR
- often ther is no history of injury to account for
- irregular septum
- septum loses its midline position during
- growth process sometimes septum is bent as result of birth trauma
- during childhood or adult life trauma
- plays a major factor in producing septal deviation
- 45 pescent of normael adults
-
snore at least occasionally
25 percent habitual snorers - problem snoring is more ferequent in
- males and overweight persons grows worse with age
- snoring sounds caused
- obstruction to free flow of air through passages at back of mouth and nose
- adverse medical effects of snoring and association with
-
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA OSA
UPPER AIRWAY RESISTANCE SYNDROME UARS - some methods used to alleviaete snoring and/or OSA
-
behaviore modificdation sleep positioning continuous positive airway pressure CPAP\
uvulopalataophayngoplast UPPP
laser assisted uvula palatoplast LAUP
and jaw adjustment techniques - what is continuous positive airway pressure CPAP
-
delivers air into airway through specially designed nasal mask or pillows
mask does not breathe for you flow of air creates enough pressiure when inhaled to keep airway open
CPAP considered most effective nonsurgical treatment for alleviation of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea - sleep apnea
- loud snoring interrupeted by frequent episodes of totally obstructed breathing
- serious episodes last
- more than 10 seconds more thakn seven times aen hour 30-300 events per night
- episodes of sleep apnea can
- reduce blood oxygen levels heart pumps harder snorer must sleep light and keep muscles tense keep aiflow to lungs
- what thappens when snorer does not get good nights rest
- be sleepy during day impairs job performance makes hazaerdous driver after many years elevated blood pressure and heart enlargement
- LAUP
-
laser assisted uevula palatoplasty removing obstruction in airway outpatient local vaporize uvula and specified portion of paelate in series of small procedures
performed while positioned in upright sitting position in exam chair - injection snoreplasy
-
nonsurgical treatment involves injection of haerdening agent into upper palate
may reduce loudness and incidence of primary snoring without apnea or cessation of breathe - tonsils and adenoids
- masses of tissue similar to lymph nodes or glands found in neck groin and armpits
- tonsils
- 2 masses on back of throat
- adenoids
- high in throat behind nose and roof of mouth soft palate noet visiblwe without spewciaql instruments
- tonsillitis
- unususal for tonsils to touch or meet without protrusion of tongue
- when tonsils meet in midline or overlap
- called kissing tonsils
- tonsils and adenoids are near
- entrance to breathing passages catch incoming germs which cause infections sample bactereia and viruses and can become infected
- scientists believe
- they work as part of body's immune system by filtering germs attempt to invade body aend help develop antibodies to germs
- most common problems affecting tonsils and adewnoids
- recurrent infections throaet or ear significant enlargement or obstrucion causes breathing and swallowing problems
- aebscesses around tonsils chronic tonsillitis and infewctions of small pockets within tonsils produce
- foul-smelling cheese-like formationsaffect tonsils and adenoids sore swollen
- tumors
- are rare but can grow on tonsils
- 2 common surgeries to relieve problems
- tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
- rhinitis
- inflammation of nasal mucous membrane
- symptoms rhinitis
- sneezing runny itchy nose caused by irritation and congestion in nose
- 2 types rhinitis
- allergic non-allergic
- allergic rhinitis
- immune system over-responds to specific non-infecious particles plant pollens molds dust mites animal hair idustrial chemicals foods meds insect venom
- during allergic attack
- antibodies immunoglobulin E lgE attach to mast cells releases histamine in lungs skin and mucous membranes
- once lgE connects with mast cells
- number of chems released histamine opens blood vessels and causes skin redness and swollen membranes sneezing and congestion result
- seasonal allergic rhinitis
-
hayfever ocuurs in late siummere or spring hypersensitivity ragweed not hay primary cause
75 percent americans
tree pollen symptoms in late March or early April
mold spores occurs in Octobere and November falling leaves - perennial allergic rhinitis
- year-round sensitivity to pet hair mold on wallpapere houseplants carpeting upholstery auto engine emissiions aggravate allergic rhiniteis
- bacteria Staphylococcus aureus
- in nasal passages of patients year round allergic rhinits may lead to higher bacterial levels creating condition worsens allergies
- if facial pain or greenish yellow nasal dischcarge occurs
- qualified ear nose throat specialist probide appropriate sinusitis treatment
- non-allergic rhinitis
-
no presence of lgE not allergic reaction
triggered by cigarette smoke other pollutants strong odors alcoholic bevs and cold blockages in nose deviated septum infections over use of meds decongestants - sinusitis often preceded by
- rhinitis nasal obstruction discharge and loss of smell both CT scan mucosal lining of nose and sinuses simultaneously involved in common cold
- sinusitis
- rhinosinusitis
- catalyst relating two disorders
- nasal sinus overflow obstruction bacterial colonization infection acute recurrent chronic sinusitis
- acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS ***
- malfunction of lungs inujury small air sacs or alveoli surrounding capillaries blood and fluid leak into spaces between air sacs breathing difficulties result of disease directly or indirectly injures lungs
- allergy ***
- immune system response to contact with substance
- asbestosis &***
-
pulmonary fibrosis years of exposure to asbestos fibers
cugh sputum weight loss
lung cancer smokes
90 times more than non-asbestos non smoking - asthma ****
- chronic lung condition difficulty in breathin extra sensitive airways narrowing or obstructing when irritated
- bronchiectasis
- rare condition affects lungss broncial tubes become enlarged forming pockets infection gather cilia destroyed bacteria accumulate
- lung cancer ***
-
85 percent to smoking
SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER LARGEST NUMBER 40-45%
LARGE CELL UNDEIFFERENTIATED CANCER 5-10%
SMALL CELL CANCERS 15-20%
ADENOCARCINOMA 25-30%
BRONCHIOLOALVEAOLAR CARCINOMA LESS THAN 5%
RARE CANCERS LESS THAN 5% - chronic bronchitis
- inflammation of bronchi excessive mucous production swelling of brochial walls
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD ***
- number of lung disorders difficult to move eair into and dout of lungs lungs inflamed obstructed combo of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- common cold
- viral infection of nose eyes and upper respiratory tract over 100
- emphysema ***
- destruction of walls of air sacs of lung
- farmer's lung ***
- disease moldy hay tiny mold spores
- hantavirus disease ***
- rare potentially fatal deer mice inhale airborne particles saliva excretions flu like fluid builds up in lungs
- hayfever ***
- allergy to pollen grass
- histoplasmosis ***
- considered fatal fungus mold plant life float in air takes root like a seed
- pleurisy
- inflammation of pleura fluid contents increase
- pneumonia ***
- inflammation or infection in lungs pus mucus other liquid oxygen cannot reach blood
- pneumothorax ***
- collection of air between outside surface of lung and inside surgace of chest wall
- pulmonary embolus***
- blockage of artery in lungs by fat air tumor blood clot
- pulmonary fibrosis***
- abnormal formation of biberlike scar tissue lung tissues thicken become stiff
- sarcoidosis***
- nodular inflammation lungs lymph nodes eyes skin liver and spleen
- severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS****
- fever higher 38 degrees celsius
- sleep apnea****
- cessation of breathing 10 seconds or more 5 times per hour of sleep
- spontaneous pneumothorax****
- collection of air or gas in chest lung collapse occurs at rest
- sudden infant death syndroms SIDS****
- crib death cot death no apparent reason
- tuberculosis TB
- bacterial infecion 80% of time in lungs bacteria mycobacteria
- whooping cough
- infection of lung caused by certain type of germ
- arterial blood gas ABG
- from artery test measures amounts of oxygen carbon dioxide in blood acidity pH
- adenoidectomy
-
removal of adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils - aspiration***
- draw in or out using suction
- auscultation ****
- listen to sounds of body during physical steth
- doppler
- listen to heart of unborn infants
- bronchoscopy***
- diagnostic tube tiny camera on end through nose or mouth into lungs
- chest x-ray****
- chest lungs heart large arteries ribs diaphragm
- CT scan****
- body imaging xray detection device rotate around patient
- endotracheal intubation***
- tube into trachea provide open airway gaseous meds oxygen or anesthetics
- laryngoscopy***
- exam of interior of larynx boice bo
- lung needle biopsy***
- transthoracic needle aspiration percutaneous needle aspiration test of lung tissue
- mediastinoscopy
- lighted intrument inserted through neck incision examine top of chest cavity lymph nodes
- percussuon***
- tapping body parts during physical with fingers hands small instruments
- pulmonary angiography****
- x-rays of blood vessels in lungs contrast material injected in arteries
- pulmonary function tests****
- many tests measure how well lungs take in and exhale air
- lung volume measurement
- cannot inhale normal volume of air
- DLCO testing diffusion capacity
- esstimate efficiently lungs transfere oxygen from air into blood stream
- septoplasty
-
operation correct deformity of nasal septum
submucou resection of septum SMR - spirometry
- measures how well lungs exhale
- sputum evaluation****
- also KOH test or fungal smear detects presence of fuongal microorganisms in sputum
- thoracentesis*****
- procedure to remove fluid from space between lining of outside of lungs PLEURA
- accumulation of excess fluied between layers of pleura
- pleural effusion
- thoracotomy
-
lung tissuse removal
pneumonectomy
lobectomy
lung biopsy
thorascoscopy - tracheostomy
- surgically opening through neck into trachea windpipe allow removal of secretions from lungs
-
verntilation perfusion scan
VQ scan - nuclear scan test using inhaled injected radioactive material measure breathing circulation perusion in all areas of lungs
- perfusion scan
- injecting radioactive albumin into vein immediately placed on movable table positioned under arm of scanner
- ventilation scan
- scanning lungs while having person inhale radioactive gas mask placed over nose and mouth asked to breathe gas while sitting or lying on table beneath arm of scanner
- rhinoplasy
- aesthetic nasal surgery refines shape of nose
- nasal surgery
-
cosmetic purposes improve both form and function
alleviate cure nasal breathing problems
correct deformities from birth or injury - diuretic blood pressure meds
- dryness in nose throat
- anti-anxiety meds
- drying effect on nose and throat
- birth control pills blood pressure meds beta blockeers viagra
- nasal congestion
- eyedrops
- agravate nasal symptoms
- anti-inflammatory prescription nasal spray
- all types of nose and sinus inflammation spray to side of nose
- antihistamines
- relieve sneeqing itching and runny nose none on nasal congestion
- decongestants
-
unclog stopped up noses
dry mouth nervousness and insomnia - decongestants***
-
ephedrine
Afrin Dristan Sinex
Neo-Snyephrine
pseudoephedrine Drixoral Sudafed - antihistamines****
-
Benadryl
Claritin
Seldane
Hismanal - Broncholdilators***
-
albuterol Proventil
Atrovent
terbutaline Brethaire
Isuprel
aminophyilline
Alupent
theophylline Theo-Dur
epinephrine Adrenalin - Corticosteroids***
-
beclomethasone Beclovent Vanceril
dexamethassone Decadron
triamicinolone Azmacort - Misc ENT drugs
-
Chloraseptic Topical ansethetic throat spray
cocaine topical vasoconstricdtor ENT exams operations on nose
silver nitrate cauterizing agent applied with applicatior stick cauterize superficial blood vessels causing nosebleeds