Histology exam 4
Terms
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- Identify, in order, the structures comprising the respiratory system.
- Nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> primary bronchi --> secondary bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)
- define extrapulmonary
- - everything up to and including primary bronchi is Extrapulmonary
- define intrapulmonary
- - everything from secondary bronchi to alveoli is intrapulmonary
- define conducting portion
- - everything up to and including terminal bronchioles is the Conducting Portion
- define respiratory portion
- - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are part of the Respiratory Portion
- as you move from extrapulmonary --> alveoli, what happens to the thickness of the layers?
- become thinner
- as you move from extrapulmonary --> alveoli, what happens to the epithelium?
- decreases in height from pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple squamous at the alveolar level
- as you move from extrapulmonary --> alveoli, what happens to cilia?
- are present through the beginning of the respiratory bronchioles
- as you move from extrapulmonary --> alveoli, what happens to mixed glands and cartilage
-
cartilage decreases in size and breaks up into plates
both mixed glands and cartilage stop abruptly at jxn of secondary bronchus with a bronchiole - as you move from extrapulmonary --> alveoli, what happens to goblet cells?
- present in the larger bronchioles, but not in the smaller
- what type of epithelium lines each alveolus?
- simple squamous epithelium
- ventricle
- space separates the false from the true vocal cords
- what type of epithelium lines the true vocal folds?
- stratified squamous moist
- what muscle interconnects the open ends of the tracheal rings?
- the trachealis muscle
- interalveolar septum
- CT core separating two alveolar spaces
-
surfactant
- definition, composition - extracellular fluid layer lining alveoli that lowers alveolar surface tension, aiding in inflation of alveoli during inspiration, and preventing collapse of alveoli during expiration; monomolecular surface film of phospholipids that covers an underlying aqueous hypophase
- bronchial arteries
- small vessels within walls of bronchial tree (and, therefore, are smaller than any layer of the wall) throughout conducting portion of respiratory system, supply oxygen and nutrients to passageways themselves
- describe the epithelium that covers the palatine tonsils
- moist, stratified squamous epithelium which invaginates the surface to form crypts
- describe the epithelium of the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
- lined on surface with respiratory epithelium
- describe the epithelium of the lingual tonsil
- lined by moist stratified squamous epithelium
- where are lymphatic channels NOT found?
- in cartilage, bone, bone marrow, CNS, eye, internal ear, epidermis
- what causes flow of lymph?
- breathing and contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle
- spleen
- lymphoid organ that functions to clear blood of particulates and dead cells; unique structure allows blood to contact macrophages
- Cords of Billroth
- spongy cellular mass of reticular CT and cells; contain all cellular elements of blood, macrophages are actively phagocytic
- what are the four main functions of the spleen?
-
(1) blood filtration
(2) hemoglobin degradation
(3) immune activities
(4) meopoiesis - Hassal's (thymic) corpuscles
-
- formed by reticular cells
- found only in the medulla
- concentric array of squamous-shaped epithelial cells - what supplies the thymus?
- branches of internal thoracic artery
- fxns of thymus
- production of T-lymphocytes and is essential for the development of normal immunocompetence