Science Exam Words
Terms
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- principle of dominance
- states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
- tetrad
- (prophase)structure of chromosome paired with its corresponding homologous chromosome
- chloroplast
- organelles that capture energy form sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
- cell division
- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
- equilibrium
- concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system
- ionic bond
- one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- hybrids
- offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
- genes
- chemical factors that determine traits
- Characteristics of living things
- made up of units called cells, reproduce, based on universal genetic code, grow and develop, obtain and use materials and energy, respond to their environment, stable internal conditions, change over time
- covalent bond
- electrons are shared between atoms
- lysosome
- small organelles filled with enzymes; break down things and get rid of them in the cell
- element
- pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
- atom
- basic unit of matter
- trait
- a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
- haploid
- contains a single set of chromosomes
- gene map
- shows the relative locations of each known gene on a chromosome: helps to determine what traits will be more likely to share
- adhesion
- attraction between molecules of a different substance
- carbohydrates
- used as main source of energy for living things; made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; made of monosaccharides
- genotype
- genetic makeup
- cohesion
- attraction between molecules of the same substance
- polygenic traits
- traits controlled by two or more genes
- proteins
- control rate of reaction and regulate cell processes; contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; made from amino acids
- multiple alleles
- genes that have more than two alleles; means that more than two possible alleles exist in a population
- ribosomes
- where proteins are assembled; small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons
- nucleus
- contains nearly all the cell's DNA with coded instructions for making proteins; surrounded by a nuclear envelope
- alleles
- different forms of a gene
- phenotype
- physical characteristics
- gametes
- sex cells
- vacuoles
- store material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates; plant cells: one large and animal cells: bunch of small
- independent assortment
- states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes; helps account for the genetic variations made in plants and animals
- cell specialization
- cells throughout an organism develop in different ways to perform different tasks
- enzymes
- proteins that act as biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells
- Mendel's Principles
- inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes; when two or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist some forms of the gene are dominant and some recessive; in most sexually reproducing organisms each adult has two copies of each gene which are segregated from each other when gametes form; alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another
- lipids
- used to store energy; made from carbon and hydrogen atoms; made when glycerol combines with fatty acids
- nucleic acids
- store and transmit hereditary information; made of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen; made from nucleotides: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
- endoplasmic reticulum
- site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and otehr materials that are exported from the cell
- heterozygous
- Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait
- Punnett square
- a diagram used to show the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
- codominance
- both alleles are dominant and contribute to the phenotype and appear together but not blended
- osmosis
- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- meiosis
- process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the speration of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
- compound
- substance formed by chemical combination of two or more elements in definite properties
- homozygous
- Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait
- pigments
- the light absorbing molecules that plants use to gather the sun's energy
- electron
- negatively charged particle; constant motion around the nucleus
- golgi apparatus
- modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell ro secretion outside the cell
- homologous
- pair of chromosomes that contain genes for the same trait
- crossing-over
- (prophase)as they form tetrads they mix up and create unique allele combinations
- segregation
- seperation of alleles
- incomplete dominance
- one allele is not completely dominant over the other so the two are blended
- diploid
- contains both homologous chromosomes
- mitochondria
- organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
- cytoplasm
- portion of the cell outside of the nucleus
- probability
- the likelihood that a particular event will occur
- law of segregation
- when gametes are produced two alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene
- genetics
- scientific study of heredity
- true-breeding
- allowed to self-pollinate and would produce identical offspring
- ion
- positively or negatively charged atom
- fertilization
- when male and female reproductive cells join during sexual reproduction