Biol Lecture Exam 1
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- What is Biology?
- The science or study of Life. The study of all living things.
- What is Biology of humans?
- The study of life of humans
- What is zoology?
- study of animals
- What is Microbiology?
- Study of viruses and bacteria.
- What is Botany?
- Study of plants
- The scale of study may be:
- Molecular, anatomical/physiological, cellular, ecological.
- What are the 7 requirements of Life?
-
1. Molecular Composition
2. Metabolism
3. Cellular Organization
4. Homeostasis
5. Responsiveness
6. Growth and Reproduction
7. Evolution - What is Molecular Composition?
- all living organisms have and use the same kinds of chemical molecules. these molecules are different than those of no-living things.
- All are comosed of living matter called________that is composed of________.
- protoplasm; organic compounds
- What is metabolism?
- The chemical transformation of raw materials to pruduce energy for life.
- Energy is in the form of chemical called____?
- ATP
- Metabolism is subdivided into these 4 areas?
-
Nutrition
Respiration
Synthesis
Growth - The cell is the smallest unit of an organism that exhibits the _________?
- characteristic of life
- Cells come from existing cells through___________?
- reproduction
- What is Homeostasis?
- All living things maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
- The ability to grow and reproduce is determined by the genetic material of cells called_______.
- DNA
- All living things pass through a characteristic life cycle____> _______>_____.
- Egg, immature stage, mature adult
- What is evolution?
- genetic change over time
- How did life begin?
- "The short answer is we really don't know"
- Successful experiments will either _____ or ______ a hypothesis.
- support; refute
- Who was Stanley Miller?
- This man, in 1953, set up an experiment to simulate primitive earth and test this hypothesis on the origin of life.
- The atmosphere of the early earth was composed of 4 common elements- ______ that formed a______.
- H, C, O, N. ; Primordial Cloud.
- What would have been the source of an electrical discharge in the early earth?
- Lightning
- How did simple organic molecule become living organisms?
- Interactions with electrical storms resulted in the formation of simple organic molecules suce as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
- Nucleotides were transformed into self-replicating molecules called______.
- RNA
- _____develop into structure and into enzymes to stimulat4e chemical reactions.
- Proteins
- _____developed to synthesize proteins.
- RNA
- _____developed to transmit heredity during reproduction
- DNA
- The earliest cell type was the________
- Prokaryotic cell
- What kingdom are bacteria part of?
- Monera
- Prokaryotic cells do not need oxygen and survive by________
- anaerobic metabolism
- The prokaryotic cell type was then replaced by the_________-the dominant cell type on Earth
- Eukaryotic cell
- Humans are members of what kingdom?
- anaimalia.
- How many groups of animals does the animalia contain?
- 35 groups called phylum
- What phylum are humans a part of?
- Phylum Chordata
- What are the 4 defining human characteristics?
- Bipedalism, opposable thumbs, large brains, and capacity fo complex language.
- The human body consists of________ of cells?
- Trillions
- What are the 3 steps of the cell doctrine?
-
1. All living things are composed of cell and cell products
2. A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells. - Who was Robert Hooke?
- Coined the term "cell" to idenitfy the tiny compartments he found in cork. Used a primitve microscope.
- Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
- Known as "the father of the microscope"
- Whats the difference between prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleous and have few organelsses. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleous and have true organelss.
- What are phospholipids?
- Fat molecules containging phosphorus.
- What is the structure of the cell membrane?
-
1. 2 layers of phospholipids.
2. several proteins embedded in the phospholipids for transport.
3. molecules of choldestrerol for rigidity
4. carboyhydrate surface makers for cell recognition. - Phospholipid moleculesa are arranged with two ends. What are they?
- Hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends
- Hydrophilic means?
- H20 Loving
- Hydrophobic means?
- H20 fearing
- What is diffusion?
- Involves movement of small molecules from an area of high concentration through the cell membrane to an area of low concentration.
- What is osmosis?
- Diffusion of H20 from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
- What forms the solute?
- The cell membrane separates unequal concentrations of some lare moleecule.
- What is isotonic condition?
- Some amount of water enters and leaves the cell.
- What is hypotonic condition?
- More water enters than leaves. Cell swells
- What is hypertonic condition?
- More water leaves then enters; Cell shrinks.
- movement of charged molecules or ions and large molecules into the cell against a conventration gradient
- Active transport
- Active transport is undertaken by protein molecules in the cell membrane called_________.
- carrier proteins.
- the formation of vesicles or vacuoles to move materials through the cell membrane into a cell.
- endocytosis
- Also know as "cell drinking" the cell takes in large molecules that are H20 soluable outside membrane.
- Pinocytosis
- numerous foldings of the cell membrane to increase the absorptive surface
- microvilli
- Cell junctions between adjacent cells. Form spot wields to anchor cells. Increase exchange of substances between cells. Increased permeability.
- Desmosomes
- A system of internal membranes that form an extensive network throughout the cytoplasm.
- Endoplasmic reticulum.
- What is the function of smooth endoplamicreticulum?
- synthesis macromolecules
- What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
- to synthesis proteins
- Small denses organels found attached as rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes
- What is the funcions of the goldi apparatus.
-
Sythesis of carbohydrates such as mucus.
2. Packaging of proteins into enzymes
3. Formation of new membranes. - The powerhouses of the cell
- mitochondria
- What is the function of Mitochondria?
- Site of cellular respiratoin a process in which organic molecules are broken down to produce cellular energy.
- specialized protein mlecules that speed the breakdown of large organic molecules to small molecules.
- Hydrolytic enzymes
- What r the the two functions of lysossomes?
- Intracellular digestion and breakdown of cell after death
- small membrane bound spheres that enclose and sote productos of cells or materials formed by paocytosis
- vesicles
- large storage spaces formed by pagocytosis to store food or secretory products
- vacuoles
- narow elongate hollow rods
- microtubules
- narrow elongate solid rods
- microfiliments