Biology Test 1
Terms
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- Heterozygous
- Two different alleles (Tt)
- Diploid
- Organisms with two of each type of chromosome (2N) (somatic cells)
- Phylum Bacillariophyta
- Diatoms
- Struggle for Existence
- The growing gap between too many people and too few resources, Malthus.
- Protein
- Made up of amino acids, coded for by multiple genes.
- Darwin's Bulldog
- Thomas Huxley
- Root Nodules
- Bumps on the roots of legumes that perform nitrogen fixation
- Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
- Thought organisms could evolve, first person to study and coined the term invertebrates, and coined the word biology. He wanted the mechanism for evolution. Threw out chain of being, brought in slightly better Theory of Organic progression. Ridiculed for his theory Inheritence of Aquired Characteristics.
- Meiosis
- Turning one diploid cell into four haploid daughter cells (gametes). Involves reduction division.
- Taxonomy
- The description, naming, and classification of living organisms
- Species
- When populations can no longer produce viable offspring, they become two separate species.
- Recessive Allele
- The version of the gene that will be masked by a present dominant allele (t)
- Theory of Organic Progression
- Once generated organisms changed along fixed and paralled paths.
- Variation
- Changes to genetic makeup, can be lonPg-term(evolution) or short (mutation)
- Origin of Species
- Darwin's publication, revealed theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
- Punctuated Equilibrium
- The concept that new fossils appear abruptly in the record and last through relative stability until they disappear
- Chromatid
- Two of these make up one chromosome, they are fastened together at the center. Each is a complete strand of DNA, a sequence of genes.
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- Plasmodium--malaria
- Georges Comte de Buffon
- Wrote 44 volume encylopedia of natural history "Histoire Naturelle". Said that animals had come from a common ancestor, but that the ancestor had been specially created.
- Chain of Being
- The arrangement of species in a linear sequence similar to a ladder. Shows the fixed plan behind nature (with man at the top).
- Macroevolution
- Evolution above the level of the species
- Polygyny
- One male, many females
- Phylum Rhodophyta
- Red algae
- Domain Bacteria
- Bacteria
- Spirillum
- The spiral shaped bacteria
- Robert Fitzroy
- Captain of the Beagle, advertised for a companion on his voyage, which Darwin filled.
- Gene Frequency
- The frequency with which a given trait gene occurs in a population
- Kingdoms
- Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi
- Robert Chambers
- System of Linear Development (Lamarckian theory). Wrote "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" which claimed man was descended from lower animals. Thought evolution was continuous and gradual but still clung to the argument from design.
- Genetic Recombination
- Meiosis shuffles existing variations into infinite new combinations
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Paramecium, Blepharisma
- Thomas Malthus
- Published "Essay on the Principle of Population". Said population would increase geometrically and resources only arithmetically. Thus weaker animals will struggle to survive and die out.
- Amino Acid
- Each protein is made up of a linear series of these, and genes code for the sequence of these. There are 20 of them.
- Sexual Recombination
- Organisms creating an incredible number of new beings from a relatively small number of alleles.
- Domain Archaea
- Archaeans
- Clade
- Each taxon is one of these, contain organisms that share traits, traits that are different from their ancestors
- Population
- A species living within a specific area. Finches on Galapagos Islands.
- Founder Effect
- A special case of genetic drift where there is a change in allele frequencies in small isolated populations due to random events
- Diffusion
- Passive movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
- Prebiotic Evolution
- The evolution of complex networks of organic compounds before the origin of life.
- Mitosis
- Reproduction that makes two identical diploid daughter cells
- Red Tide
- The algal blooms of dinoflagellates that color water and often produce potent toxins
- Reduction Division
- The process of meiosis that turns a diploid cell into two haploid cells. Reduces the chromosome number
- Homozygous
- Two similar alleles (TT, tt)
- Herbivorous
- Eat plants
- Haploid
- Organisms with one of each type of chromosome (1N) (gametes)
- Adaptation
- Change to meet the conditions of ones environment
- Synapomorphy
- Shared derived characteristics
- Stromatolites
- Thick mats of cyanobacteria that are one of the first ecosystems on earth
- Omnivorous
- Eat plants and animals
- Phagocytosis
- Protists method of eating in which food is engulfed into the cell membrane, the membrane pinches off to form a vacuole, and the vacuoles store food, water, waste, and enzymes
- Protozoa
- Heterotrophic protists
- Phylum Phaeophyta
- Brown Algae
- Polyphyletic
- Contains some descendent species but no common ancestor (may even come from different ancestors)
- Polyandry
- One female, many males
- Eukaryotic Cell
- Cells that are more complex and have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Mostly multicellular
- Gemmules
- Tiny floating particles believed to carry the information of heredity.
- Phylum Rhodophyta
- Polysiphonia, Nemalion
- Divergent Evolution
- Two animals come from a common ancestor and are thus relatively similar
- Phylum Dinoflagellata
- Dinoflagellates
- Allele
- Different versions of the same genes (T,t)
- Population Genetics
- The study of genetic variation at the population level
- Carrageen
- Thickening agent extracted from cell walls of red algae, used in making ice cream, lunch meats, cosmetics, and paint
- Theodosius Dobzhansky
- Wrote "Genetics and the Origin of Species". Translated the complex models of population genetics into terms the field biologists could understand. Made geneticists realize the impotance of how genes moved through natural populations.
- Natural Selection
- Darwin's idea that evolution was a selective process. The well adapted individuals would have more offspring than others, passing on theri variation to the next generation.
- Carolus Linnaeus
- A Swedish botanist who set out to reveal the divine plan, and he believed species could not evolve. He wrote the still used "Systema Natura" and invented binomial nomenclature.
- H.M.S. Beagle
- Ship Darwin sailed on to Galapagos. Voyage to map the souther coast of South America.
- Stabilizing Selection
- Acts to stabilize the population around some average value
- Cladogram
- Method of mapping clades or taxons
- Monophyletic
- Taxon contains the common ancestor and all of its descendents
- Cladism
- Our current system of taxonomy
- Dominant Allele
- The version of the gene that will occur if present (T)
- Homologous Structures
- Structures that are structurally and developmentally similar even though they may have very different uses. Derived from a common ancestor. Bird and Bat
- Miller/Urey Experiment
- Experiment that modeled Earth's primordial atmosphere in the lab and produced amino acids. (i.e. organic matter from Earth's primordial conditions)
- Mechanical Isolating Mechanism
- Populations are no longer able to physically mate
- Algae
- Autotrophic protists
- Natural Theology
- Every living thing is perfectly adapted to its way of life by the Creator's will. Believed that species were all specially created, fixed, and once created, never changed.
- Survival of the Fittest
- Herbert Spencer's situation in which the winners of the struggle for existence must be those individuals better equipped to survive.
- Geographic Isolating Mechanism
- Populations are spatially isolated from one another (separated by a mountain)
- System of Linear Development
- Chambers' evolution scheme, similar to Lamarck's Theory of Organic Progression.
- Phylum Dinoflagellata
- Ceratium, Gonyaulax
- Geographic Isolation
- Required characteristic of speciation (formation of new species). Species form distinct genetic differences.
- Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
- Theory that nature selects for the traits that survive the best, these animals survive to reproduce later. Thus causing evolution of traits within the population.
- Protein Synthesis
- The process where codons code for amino acids and amino acids in turn code for proteins.
- Paraphyletic
- Contains common ancestor but only some descendents (most similar)
- Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
- A factor inhibiting reproduction between two populations
- Isolating Mechanism
- Any factor that acts to reduce or block the flow of genes between two populations
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Euglena
- Prokaryotic Cell
- Cells that are more primitive and lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Mostly unicellular.
- Convergent Evolution
- Two unrelated lineages converge on a common solution to an evolutionary problem
- Phylum Amoebozoa
- Amoeba
- Temporal Isolating Mechanism
- Populations are isolated in time. They mate at different times
- Ecological Isolating Mechanism
- Populations live in different habitats or ecosystems
- Phylum Phaeophyta
- Fucus, Sargassum, kelp
- Genetic Drift
- A statistical phenomenon where allele frequencies change greatly in populations
- Alfred Russel Wallace
- Naturalist who was about to publish similar theories as Darwin. They ended up publishing together.
- Emmigration
- Organisms leave a population
- Carnivorous
- Eat animals
- System of Hybridization
- Idea proposed by Linnaeus that said new species were hybrids of existing species.
- Gregor Mendel
- Experimented with garden peas, discovered the mechanism of heredity.
- Behavioral Isolating Mechanism
- Populations have differing courtship and mating behavior
- John Ray
- Started Natural Theology. Wrote "Wisdom of God in Creation"
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Turning atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use (ammonium)
- Phylum Foramnifera
- Foramnifera
- Spontaneous Generation
- The early held belief that life is an innate property of organic matter. Demonstrated by the appearance of maggots on meat, and explained that the meat produced the maggots.
- Kingdom Bacteria
- Bacteria, cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabena, Oscillatoria)
- Domain Eukarya
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Blended Inheritance
- Darwin's belief, gemmules floated in different parts of the body. Moved to the reproductive organs during sex.
- Endosymbiosis
- The devouring of a cell, that eventually becomes part of the predator organism. How eukaryotic cells may have evolved
- Saprobes
- Organisms that get their energy from dead and decaying matter
- DNA
- Two strands in a coild helix, each made up of a series of organic compounds called nucleotides. AT, CG.
- Speciation
- The process by which new species arise, either by transformation of one species into another, or by the splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species.
- Homologous Chromosomes
- Two copies of each chromosome in a cell, one from each parent. They have the same genes at the same loci.
- Disruptive Selection
- The environment selects for the two extremes against the average, splitting the population in two or more types
- Serial Monogamy
- One partner at a time. Humans practice this
- Independent Assortment
- The direction each chromosome takes during reduction division is random
- Analogous Structures
- Structures that are superficially similar, but structurally and developmentally different. Evolve due to limited solutions to a problem. Fish and Dolphin
- Autotroph
- Produces its own food
- Gene Flow
- The movement of organisms with a certain gene from one place to another, change in gene frequency.
- Diatomaceous Earth
- Deposits of diatom shells, used in abrasives, talc, and chalks
- Charles Darwin
- Created natural selection, wrote "Origin of Species", did research on Galapagos Islands and sailed on the Beagle.
- RNA
- A single strand of nucleotides. AU,CG.
- Photosynthetic
- Practice photosynthesis to produce food
- Nucleotide
- The makeup of DNA and RNA. Attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. Three of these make up a codon, and they for complementary base pairs in a double helix and during replication.
- Mutations
- Changes in genetic information
- Taxon
- Any rank in classification, a collection of related organisms
- Heterocysts
- Enlarged structure where nitrogen fixation takes place
- William Paley
- Revived Natural Theology in 19th Century. Wrote "Natural Theology".
- Chemosynthetic
- Produce food by chemical reactions
- T.H. Huxley
- Darwin's friend who took up his cause when he fell ill. Coined agnosticism, the journal Nature, founded X-Club.
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- The idea that, without outside influences, large populations that mate randomly will never have a change in allele proportions. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1. p is A. q is a.
- Species
- A kind of organism that can reproduce within it's own population, listed by binomial nomenclature
- Kingdom Archea
- Methanogens, halophilic bacteria, thermophilic archaeans
- Mutation
- Random alterations in genetic information
- Directional Selection
- Average value of a trait is shifted in a particular direction
- Bacillus
- The rod shaped bacteria
- Evolution
- Genetic change in a population of organisms, leads to progressive change from simple to complex
- Theory of Degeneration
- New species were simply a degenerate version of the created species. Ancestral types wandered to different parts of the world and invisible organic particles caused them to degenerate differently.
- Inbreeding
- Breeding within the closer family lines of a given (usually small) population
- Monogamy
- One partner for life
- Argument from Design
- All of nature is designed in accord with a predetermined, benevolent, and supernatural plan.
- Heterotroph
- Must digest other organisms for food
- Pseudopodia
- The extension of the cell to form a "false foot" the flow into it for motion
- Codon
- Three nucleotides that code for one of the 20 amino acids. There are 64 possibilities of these in DNA and RNA.
- Motile
- Able to move about
- Crossing Over
- During meiosis, when joined chromosomes exchange genes or groups of genes
- Industrial Melanism
- Replacement of a light morph by a dark morph in an industrialized area
- Order of Classification
- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- Microevolution
- Evolution at or below the level of the species
- Immigration
- Organisms move into a population
- Biological Species Concept
- Species are populations of similar organisms that can interbreed with one another, but are reproductively isolated from other such populations by one or more isolating mechanisms.
- Coccus
- The sphere shaped bacteria
- Modern Synthesis
- The fusion of Mendelism and Darwinism
- Polygamy
- Many partners
- Panspermia
- The theory that life was seeded on Earth and other planets from outer space. The hypothesis that meteors or cosmic dust may have brought significant amounts of complex organic molecules to Earth, kicking off the evolution of life.