Psychology Test #1

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broad group of people who are of interest to researchers: Population
infants who ignore or turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief seperation have this type of attachment relationships: Avoidant
when newborns are in this state, their eyes are open but unfocused, and their arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated movements: Waking activity
occur when children appear to wake in a panicked state and are often breathing rapidly and perspiring heavily: Night Terrors
Peoples beliefs about their own abilities or talents. This belief may determine when people will imitate others: Self-efficacy
based his social cognitive theory on a more complex view of reward, punishment and imitation: Albert Bandura
include all internal, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development: Biological Forces on development
occurs when new experiences are readily incorporated into existing schemes: Assimilation
a prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from part of the placenta: Chorionic Villus Sampling
infants usethis in an unfaniliar or ambiguous situatuion by looking at their parents as if searching for cues that will help then interpret the situatiobn: Social Referencing
the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time: Human Development
this cry is a more intense version of a basic cry: Mad
Comments that are not intended for other but serve the purpose of hhelping children regulate their behavior: Private Speech
includes physical, behavioral, and psychological features that are the result of the interaction between ones genes and environmental influences: Phenotype
infants who remain upset or angry and are difficult to console when they are reunited with their mothers following a brief separation have this type of attachment relationship: Resistant
prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from part of the placenta: Chorionic Villus Sampling
issue concerned with whether a particular developmental phenomenon follows a smooth progression throughout the life span or a series of abrupt shifts: Continuity-Discontinuity
refers to a consistent style or pattern to an infants behavior: Temperament
Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that influence development: Sociocultural
Developed the five stages of psychosexual development: Sigmund Freud
Occures in individual who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele. The individuals typically only have problems when they are seriously deprived of oxygen, such as when they engage in vigorous exercise or when they are at high altitudes: Sickle-Cell Trait
the processes of selection, optimization, and compensation form a system that generates and regulates development and aging: Selective optimization with compensation
suggests that many human behaviors represent successful adaptation to the environment: Evolutionary psychology
chemical instructions are ignored when the allele is combined with a dominant allele: Recessive
Infants who dont seem to understand whats happening when they are separated and subsequently reunited with their mother have this type of attachment relationship: Disorganized
Who came up with the Psychosocial Theory?: Erik Erikson
During this type of sleep, heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady, and newborns lie quietly.: Non-REM (regular)
Proposes the human cognition consists of mental hardware and emntal software: Information Processing Theory
Studied operant conditioning: B.F. Skinner
One of the first theories to emphasize the influence of the sociocultural context on development: Vygotski's Sociocultural Theory
the counting priciple that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted: One-to-One
the first 22 pairs of chromosomes: Autosomes
occurs when a person starts, fixes his eyes on a stimulus, and shows changes in heart rate and brain wave activity: Orienting response
consists of a group of compounds that provide a specific set of biochemical instruction: Gene
a subset of the population of interest: Sample
is an enduring social-emotional relationship between an infant and an adult: Attachment
aging is viewed in the context of the rest of the lifespan: Life-Span perspective
include the interrelations between ones microsystems: Mesosystems
Threadlike structures in the nuclei of the sperm and egg that contain genetic material: Chromosomes
the knowledge that a young child has that she can act on the world intentionally, which occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance: Will
issue that addresses the degree to which genetic influences and environmental influences determines the type of person you are: Nature-Nurture
focuses on the relation between consequences of behavior and the likelihood that the behavior will occur: Operant Conditioning
Eriksons theory that proposes that personality development is the result of the interaction of an internal maturaltional plan and societal demands: Psychosocial
the branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits: Behavioral Genetics
Piagets term for understanding that objects exist independently: Object Permanence
the young childs difficulty in seeing the world from another outlook: Egocentrism
an inherited disorder in which babies are born lacking an important liver enzyme: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
suggests that people are actively trying to understand the world through reinforcement, punishment, and imitation: Social Cognitive Theory
a sleep disturbance that occurs during deep sleep when children get out of bed and walk: Sleepwalking
investigators look at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world: Correlational Study
occurs when schemes are modified based on experience: Accommodation
the difference between what someone can do with assistance and what she can do by herself: Zone of Proximal Development
vivid, frightening dreams that occur toward morning and usually wake a child: Nightmares
people learn much by simply watching those around them: Observational learning
used to organize biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences on development: Biopsychosocial Framework
during this type of sleep an infants eyes will dart rapidly beneath her eyelids, she may move her arms and legs, and she may grimace: REM (irregular)
researcher creates a setting that is particularly likely to elicit the behavior of interest: Structured Observations
means that each psychosocial stage gas its own period of importance: Epigenetic principles
are experienced by people worldwide. the consist of a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior: Basic Emotions
healthy babies die suddenly for no apparent reason: Sudden Infant Death Syndrone (SIDS)
glass covered platform that appears to have a shallow side and a deep side: Kinetic cues
poeple are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real-life situation: Naturalistic Observation
social settings that influence ones development even though one does not experience them first hand: Exosystems
Specialized neurons in the back of the eye, along the retina, that sense color: Cones
in this state newborns alternate from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly: Sleeping
refers to the fact that objects that are close move across our visual fields faster than objects that are in the distance: Visual expansion
is a fatal diseas characterized by the progressive degeneration of the nervous system: Huntingtons Disease
this cry begins wtih a sudden, long burst of crying followed by a long pause and gasping: Pain
the smallest pattern that one can distinguish reliably defines visual clarity or this: Visual Acuity
a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future. This could include spanking and withdrawal of privileges: Punishment
theories that propose that human behavior is guided by motives and drives that are internal and often unconscious: Psychodynamic
the field of medicine that is concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth: Fetal medicine
when newborns are in this state their eyes are open, they are attentive, and they seem to be deliberately inspecting the environment: Alert inactivity
the view that development is determined by many forces and cannot be understood within a single framework: Life-Span Perspective
a teaching style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance that they offer to the learners needs: Scaffolding
determines which info will be processed further by an individual: Attention
occurs when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes: polygenic inheritance
simultaneous presentation of information to different sensory modes: Intersensory Redundancy
differences in how the same event may affect people of different ages: Life-cycle forces
the prenatal diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to generate a picture of the fetus: Ultrasound
peoples memory for the significant events and experiences of their own lives: Autobiographical memory
describes the ways in which various generations experience the forces of development in their perspective historical contexts: Life Course Perspective
twins are also called identical twins because they are the result of a single fertilized egg that split in two to form 2 new individuals: Monozygotic
Research designs involve testing people of diffeerent ages in a study: Longitudinal
the counting principle that states the number names must always be counted in the same order: Stable-Order
more complex research designs that are based on cross-sectional and longitudinal approches to research: Sequential Studies
the issue of whether there is one path of development or several: Universal versus contect-specific
occurs around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of an unfamiliar adult: Stranger Wariness
Fraternal twins are the result of the fertilization of 2 seperate eggs by two sperm: Dizygotic
According to B. F. Skinner the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future: Operant conditioning
the process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerves impulses: Perception
occurs when neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally produced by another stimulus: Classical Conditioning
crediting inanimate objects with life and life-like properties: Animism
the factor tht is manipulayed by the researcher in the experiment: Independent Variable
a sytematic way of manipulating key factors that a researcher thinks causes a particular behavior: Experiment
when babies are hungry or tired they often use this type of cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense: Basic
expresses the strength and direction of a relation between two variables: Correlational Coefficient
Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget
consuming inadequate amounts of folic acid during pregnancy can result in this disorder in which the embryos neural tube does not close properly during prenatal development: Spina bifida
process of recognizing ones schemes to return to a state of equilibrium: Equilibration
around 2 months of age infants smile when they see another human face: Social Smiles
if the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other: Heterozygous
the cue of depth where the texture of near objects is course but distinct and the texture of distant objects is finer and less distinct: Texture Gradient
different forms of genes are called: Alleles
a tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate the relations between variables: Meta-analysis
when an alleles chemical instructions are followed: Dominant
unlearned responses that are triggered by specific stimulation: Reflexes
psychological structures that organize experience: Schemes
includes cultures and subcultures in which the microsystems, mesosystems, and exosystems are embedded: Macrosytems
an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development: Teratogen
forces withtin a family that make children different from one another: Non-shared environmental enfluences
Focuses on how a developing person if is embedded in a series of interacting systems: Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory
an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development: Theory
the complete set of genes makes up a persons heredity: Genotype
first of Piagets four stages of cognitive development. This period last from birth to 2 years: Sensorimotor
a measure is to the extent which it provides a consistent index of characteristics: Reliability
young children who have this attachment relationship with their mothers will want to be near the mother when they are reunited following a brief separation: Secure
often occurs in babies whos mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant with them: Fetal alcohol syndrome
the 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child: Sex chromosomes
Learning by simply watching other people: Observational
Narrowly focused thought that characterizes preoperational thought: Centration
Moral Reasoning Theory: Lawrence Kohlberg
refers to mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate: Mental hardware
human development cannot be separated from the environmental contexts in which a person develops: Ecological theory
involves watching people and carefully recording what they do or say: Systematic Observation
a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future: Reinforcement
if both alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same: Homozygous
differences between age groups that are the result of environmental events: Cohort Effects
in this state newborns cry vigorously and move in an uncoordinated way: Crying
refers to the fact that objects that are close move across our visual fields faster than objects that are in the distance: Motion Parallax
According to this theory, how well people adapt depends on how the match between their abilities and the demands put on them by the environment: Competence-Environmental Press Theory
According to Brofenbrenner, includes the people, such as parents, and objects in ones immediate environment: Microsystems
the process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with ones heredity: Niche-Picking
a rudimentary knowledge of the world that is elaborated based on children experiences: Core knowledge hypothesis
are peoples answers to questions about the topic of interest: Self Reports
the situation where one allele does not completely dominate another: Incomplete Dominance
measure refers to whether it really measure what researchers think it measures: Validity
the understanding that the last number name denotes the number of objects one is counting: Cardinality
refers to mental programs that are the basis for performing particular tasks: Mental Software
refers to the fact that numbers can differ in magnitude; some values are greater than others: Ordinality
refers to the fact that a particular genotype can interact with various environments to produce a range of phenotypes: Reaction Range
an openness to new experience tempered by wariness, occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance: Hope
A set of expectations about parents availability and responsiveness, generally and in times of stress: Internal Working Model
each chromosome consist of one molecule of...: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
a persons physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging situations: Stress
the behavior observed after the other variables are manipulated: Dependent Variable
Diminished response to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar: Habituation

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