History/Approaches
Terms
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- dualism
- seeing mind and body as two different things that interact
- Cognitive approach
- psychological perspective concerned with how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason, and use language
- John Watson
- known for experiments in classical conditioning
- William James
- wrote Principles of Psychology
- psychometricians
- focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data
- clinical psychologists
- evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
- social psychologists
- focus on how a person's mental life and behavior is shaped by interactions with people
- developmental psychologists
- study psychological development throughout the lifespan
- Evolutionary approach
- psychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestor's genes.
- behavioral approach
- psychological perspective concerned with behavioral reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience
- Engineering psychologists
- do research on how people function best with machines
- school of functionalism
- early psychological perspective concerned with how an organism uses it's perceptual abilities to adapt to it's environment
- Aristotle, Locke, Watson, Skinner
- believed behavior results from experience (nurture).
- Biological approach
- psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes
- forensic psychologists
- apply psychological principles to legal issues
- health psychologists
- concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involves in health and illness
- Jung, Adler, Horney, Kohut
- psychodynamic psychologists
- Sociocultural approach
- psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior.
- Eclectic
- use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches
- industrial/organizational psychologists
- aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace
- Plato, Descartes
- believed behavior is inborn (nature).
- school psychologists
- assess and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, perform behavioral interventions
- Educational psychologists
- focus on how effective teaching and learning takes place
- rehabilitation psychologists
- help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities and disabilities resulting from stroke or accidents adapt to their situations
- sports psychologists
- help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety/fear of failure
- monism
- seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing
- psychology
- the science of behavior & mental processes
- Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
- humanistic psychologists
- Sigmund Freud
- "father of psychoanalysis"
- school of structuralism
- early psychological perspective that emphasizes units of consciousness and identificaiton of elements of thought using introspection (Wundt)
- B.F. Skinner
- known for experiments in operant conditioning
- psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach
- psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives and defenses influence behavior
- neuropsychologists
- explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior
- Humanistic approach
- psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth towards one's potential
- nature-nurture controversy
- the extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience
- counseling psychologists
- help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle