psy 105 final uncw
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- social influence
-
Ways in which a person’s behavior can be affected by other people
- social cognition
- Way people think about other people
- social interaction
-
positive and negative aspects of relating to others
- intrapersonal
- beliefs individuals holds about his or her own abilities and characteristics
- inerpersonal
- way in which an individuals close partners can help or hinder that persons pursuit of the selfs goals
- conformity
- changing behaviors to match others
- asch conformity study
- 7 people in a room next to last person was participant. confederate picked the incorrect line and participants conformed
- factors of conformity
-
number of conformers
allies
public vs private answer - compliance
- changing behavior at request of another
- foot in the door
- Compliance with a smaller request is followed by a larger request, people are likely to comply because they already agreed to the smaller one and they want to behave consistently with previous response
- door in face
- Larger request come 1st (usually refused), followed by 2nd more responsible request often get compliance
- lowball
-
One commitment is made, the cost of that commitment increases (ex: buy a car, warranties, taxes, fees etc).
this is used by salesmen - that\'s not all
-
Makes an offer, before decision is made throw in something extra, activates norm of reciprocity.
used by salesmen - obedience
-
changing one\'s behavior at the order of an authority figure
- milgram obedience study
-
how far would people go to obey authority
he thought nobody would go past 150 volts - group polarization
- take more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions
- social facilitation
- the positive influence of others
- social impairment
- negative influence of others
- social loafing
- do not do well in groups
- attitude
- tendency to respond negatively or positively towards something
- cognitive dissonance
- discomfort when we realize our attitudes and actions do not match
- festingers study
-
participants were engaged in very boring activity and paid to lie about it 1 or 20
1 group changed cognition
20 no dissonance - persuasion
- changing someones beliefs through argument or explanation
- factors influencing persuasion
-
source
message
target audience - central route processing
-
content
speaker is clear and organized
personal interest in topic, motivation - social categorization
- assigning of a person you have just met based onc haracteristics in common with people you have met in the past
- primacy effect
- first impressions are lasting
- attribution
- drawing inferences about the behaviors of others
- attribution theory
-
two kinds of explanations (internal vs. external)
– Situational attribution- decide person’s behavior was caused by temporary external factors
– Dispositional attribution- decide person’s behavior was caused by enduring personal factors
- errors in atribution
-
fundamental attribution error-
we overestimate internal factors while judging others behavior and underestimate the situation - robber cave experiment
- week 3 non competitive events did not work
- stereotype threat
- anxious of any situation in which behavior may confirm a stereotype
- stereotype vulnerability
- Effects that a person’s knowledge of another’s stereotyped opinions can have on the person’s behaviors
- sternbergs theory
-
intimacy
passion
commitment - hippocrates thought personality..
-
personality related to balance of bodily fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
- four main perspectives
-
psychodynamic
behavioral
humanistic
trait - psychodynamic
- unconscious and personality
- behavioral
- enviroment and behavior
- humanistic
- life experiences/ choices and personality
- trait
- predict behavior based on characteristics
- conscious
- current awareness
- preconscious
- memories and information available but not currently conscious
- unconscious
- hidden thoughts, memories, feelings that are not easly brought to consciousness
- id
-
Pleasure Principle)
Immediate gratification, no regard for consequences;
Completely unconscious
- superego
-
Conscience) Morality; Pride/guilt
- ego
- (reality principle): deal with reality; rational, logical, mostly conscious
- defense mechanisms
-
denail
rationalization
displacement
regression
projection
reaction formation
sublimation -
When Tim’s wife is out of town, he is unable to sleep unless he leaves the bedroom light on, something he did as a child.
- regression
-
Jesse denies his hatred for his brother Frank and claims that it is Frank who hates him.
- projection
-
Ann smokes a pack of cigarettes a day and insists smoking is not bad for you.
- denial
-
After receiving a failing grade on her psychology exam, Wilma comes home and yells at her roommate for not washing the dishes.
- displacement
- psychosexual stages
- stages of personality tied to sexual development
- fixation
-
unresolved psychosexual stage conflict
leads to personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage - oral stage
-
first stage, id dominated
pleasure -oral activities
conflict- weaning
fixation- overeating, smoking, nail biting
- anal stage
-
1-3 yrs ego develops
pleasure- bladder/bowel control
conflict- toilet training
fixation- expulsive vs retentive personalities - phallic
-
3-6 years superego develops
pleasure- genitals
conflict- sexual feelings
fixation- promiscuity \"mamas boy\" - latent stage
-
6- puberty
sexual feelings repressed
same sex friendships, social skills - genital stage
-
puberty plus
sexual feelings are consciously expressed - neo- freudians
-
developed competing psychoanalysis theories
jung
adler
horney
erikson - jung
- - personal and collective unconscious
- adler
- inferiority and compensation, birth-order heory
- horney
- basic anxiety and neurotic personalities
- erikson
- social relationships across the lifespan
- behaviorists
- personality as a set of learned responses (habits)
- locus of control
- assumption that you either have or do not have control over events in life
- humanistic view
- emphasizes a positive, optimistic view of human nature
- self actualizing tendency
- striving to fufill innate capacities
- self concept
- image of onesef created by interactions with significant people
- trait theories
- descriptive terms to characterize differences among individuals
-
big five
openess - willingness to try new things/open to new experiences
- conscientiousness
- care given to organization and thoughtfulness of others, dependability
- extraversion
- need to be with other people
- agreeableness
- the emotional style
- neuroticism
- degree of emotional instabiity or stability
- behavior genetics
-
study of heredity and personality
selective breeding of animals leading to predictable temperaments - interview
- professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured
- inventory
-
questionaire with standard list of questions
- direct observation
-
professional observes client, clincial or natural settings
rating scales, frequency count
observer effects/bias and lack of control - projection
- projecting ones unacceptable thought onto others
- projective tests
-
client interprets ambiguous stimuli
rorschach inkblot test - thematic apperception test
- subjective, open to examiners interpretation
- reciprocal determinism
- personal, enviromental and behavioral factors interact to shape behavior
- self efficacy
- perception of one\'s competence in certain circumstances
-
rogers and self- concept
positive regard - warmth, affection, love, and respect
-
rogers and self concept
conditional positive regard - positive regard given when providers wishes are fufiled
-
rogers and self concept
unconditional positive regard - positive regard given without conditions
- trait-situation interaction
- specific circumstances influence trait expression
- psychoanalysis
-
freuds theory of personality and therapy based on it
therapy focuses on unconscious memories, emotions, and thoughts that affect behavior
goal is catharsis- relsease of pent-up tension - psychopathology
- the study of abnormal thoughts, feelings, behaviors
- deviance
- unusual behavior, against social norms
- subjective discomfrot
- emotional stress or pain
- maladaptive
- doesn\'t allow person to function or adapt to everyday life
- danger
- to self/others
-
models of abnormality
biological model - biological cause, defined symptom, and possible cures