Science Exam
Terms
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- diffusion
- particles move to a less concentrated area
- cell theory
- all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from living cells
- messenger RNA
- RNA that serves as messengers
- cell cycle
- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
- activation energy
- energy to get reaction to start
- interphase
- period of growth
- calvin cycle
- uses ATP and NAPH from the light dependent reations to produce high energy sugars
- photosystems
- light collecting units of the chloroplast
- NADP
- carrier molecules
- mitosis
- division of the cell nucleus
- autotrophs
- organisms that make their own food
- cytoskeleton
- a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maitain its shape
- lysosomes
- small organelles filled with enzymes
- cell membrane
- all cells are surronded by a thin, flexible barrier, regulates what comes in and out of the cell
- substrates
- the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reacations
- cell
- a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surronding
- cyclin
- regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable surface
- phagocytosis
- engulf solids - cell eating
- equilibrium
- same concentration through out the solute
- sex chromosome
- determine gender
- inference
- logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience
- metabolism
- combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
- genetics
- the study of heredity
- homozygus
- two identical alleles for a particular trait
- centrioles
- two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope
- hypotonic
- solution has a lower concentration than the cell
- mitochondria
- organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convient for the cell to use
- krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
- exons
- code for proteins
- heterotrophs
- organisms that obtain energy from the food they eat
- histones
- DNA that is tightly wrapped around around proteins called
- aerobic
- require oxygen
- codominance
- two phenotypes are displayed
- exothermic
- energy releasing reations
- chloroplasts
- organelles that capture sunlight and convert into chemical energy
- element
- pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
- amino acids
- compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
- nucleolus
- assembly of ribosomes begins
- chromosomal mutations
- involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
- cellular respiration
- releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
- compound
- a substance formed from a chemical combination
- solvent
- the substance in which the solute dissolves
- group of cells
- tissues, organ systems, organs
- cell division
- cell divides into two new daughter cells
- rRNA
- ribosomal RNA
- polysaccharides
- formed from many monosccharides
- anaerobic
- not in air
- organelles
- little organs
- multiple alleles
- have more than two alleles
- spindle
- a fanlike microtubule
- meiosis
- is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes
- genotype
- genetic make up
- cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm
- hapliod
- 23 chromosomes
- nucleus
- center of the atom
- chemical reaction
- a process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another
- prokaryotes
- cells that do not contain nuclei
- gametes
- sex cells
- biosphere
- earth that contains all ecosystems
- mixture
- is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together
- pedigree chart
- shows relationships within the family
- cohesion
- an attraction between molecules of the same substance
- fertilization
- a female and male reproductive cells join
- base
- compound that produces hydroxide ions in the solution
- fermentation
- releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
- homologous
- each of the 4 chromosomes that came the male parent has a corrseponding chromosome from the female parent
- concentration
- the mass of the solute in a given volume of solution
- introns
- non-coding for proteins
- hypertonic
- solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell
- autosomes
- remaining 44 chromosomes
- solute
- the substance that is dissolved
- suspension
- non dissolved material
- carbohydrates
- are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- isotonic
- the concentration of solutes is the same as outside the cell
- glycolysis
- is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid
- pinocytosis
- engulf liquid - cell drinking
- codon
- consists of three consecutive nucleotides
- covalent bond
- electrons are shared between ions
- population
- group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
- tetrad
- each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a structure
- active transport
- move materials in the opposite direction - against the concentration
- endothermic
- energy absorbing reaction
- frameshift mutation
- shift the reading frame of the genetic message
- stroma
- the region outside the thylakiod membranes
- bacteriophage
- a virus that infects bacteria
- ribosomes
- proteins are assembled on them
- organism
- individual living thing
- prophase
- chromosomes become visible
- catalyst
- a substance that speeds up a reaction
- dipliod
- contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
- electron
- negatively charged particle
- ATP synthase
- protein used in photosynthasis
- atom
- basic unit of matter
- DNA polymerase
- principle enzyme involved in in DNA replication
- point mutation
- mutation at a single point in the DNA sequence
- karyotype
- a picture of chromosome arranged
- exocytosis
- moving things out of the cell
- incomplete dominance
- two phenotypes blend to give 1 phenotype
- sexual reproduction
- cells from two different parents unite
- stimulus
- a signal to which an organism responds
- anticodons
- complementary bases to codons
- homeostasis
- keep internal conditions stable
- ionic bond
- one or more electrons are transfered between one atom to another
- observation
- the process of gathering information about events or processes
- polygenic traits
- having many genes
- heterozygus
- two different alleles for a particular trait
- promoters
- binding regions
- proteins
- macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- enzymes
- are proteins that are biological catalysts
- hybrids
- two different traits
- chromatin
- DNA bound to protein
- acid
- any compound with high H+ ions in the solution
- community
- populations that live together in a defined area
- biology
- science that seeks the living world
- molecules
- groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds
- telophase
- chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material
- transformation
- one strand of bacteria had apparently been changed permanently into another strand
- genes
- chemical factors the determine traits
- metaphase
- chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
- true breeding
- if self pollinate - identical
- photosynthesis
- plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates
- golgi apparatus
- modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum fro storage in the cell or secretion outside the cells
- pigments
- absorbing molecules
- science
- organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
- ATP
- store and release energy
- asexual reproduction
- the new organism has a single parent
- nucleic acids
- macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
- adhesion
- an attraction between molecules of a different substance
- trait
- a specific characteristic
- electron transport chain
- uses high energy electrons from the krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP
- hypothesis
- scientific explanation for a set of observations
- nucleus
- contains nearly all the cells DNA and contains instructions for making proteins
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
- solution
- components evenly distributed
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled
- chlorophyll
- principle pigment
- data
- information gathered from processes
- alleles
- different forms of genes
- anaphase
- centromeres that join the sister chromatids split
- phenotype
- physical characteristics
- nucleotide
- 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- cytoplasm
- portion of the cell outside the nucleus
- vacuoles
- store materials
- lipids
- are made from carbon and hydrogen atoms, can be used to store energy
- RNA polymerase
- binds to DNA and makes a complementary strand of mRNA
- replication
- each cell will have a complete set of DNA molecules
- thylakiods
- saclike photosynthetic membranes
- endocytosis
- bringing things into the cell
- theory
- evidence from numerous investigations builds up
- ecosystem
- community and its nonliving surrondings
- polar molecule
- uneven distribution of electrons
- spontaneous generation
- life could arise from nonliving matter
- nuclear envelope
- composed of two membranes
- cell wall
- strong supporting layer around the cell membrane
- controlled experiment
- one variable is changed at a time
- centromere
- located near the middle of the chromatids
- eukaryotes
- cells that contain nuclei
- chromosomes
- genetic information
- monosaccharides
- single sugar molecules
- mutations
- changes in the genetic material
- tRNA
- transfer RNA