psych col. test 1 ch.3
Terms
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- natural selection
- well adapted animals produce more offspring
- genotype
- genetic structure
- phenotype
- outward appearance and behaviors
- heredity
- the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors
- genetics
- the study of the mechanisms of heredity
- genes
- contain the instructions for the production of protiens
- sex chromosomes
- contain genes coding for development of male or female physical characteristics
- genome
- the full sequence of genes found on the chromosomes with associated DNA
- human behavior genetics
- unite genetics and psychology to explore the casual link between inheritance and behavior
- heritability
-
0-1
0- environmental
1- genetics - sociobiology
- provide evolutionary explanations for the social behavior and systems of humans and other species
- evolutionary psychology
- extend evolutionary explanations to include other aspects of human experience, such as how the mind functions
- neuroscience
- study of the natural laws of the human body
- Paul Broca
- studied language in the brain
- rTMS
- magnetic stimulation creating lesions briefly activating regions of the brain
- Walter Hess
- electrical stimulation to prob structures deep in brain
- EEG
- amplified tracing of brain activity
- PET scans
- given radioactive substances, absorbed by cells, give off radioactivity, can tell which ones are active
- MRI
- uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate pulses of energy in brain
- fMRI
- combines MRI and PET and detects magnetic changes in flow of blood cells to brain
- CNS- central nervous system
- composed of all neurons in the brain and the spinal cord- coordinates bodily functions, processes incoming neural messages, sends commands to diff. parts of the body
- PNS- peripheral nervous system
- made of all nerve fibers that connect CNS to body
- somatic nervous system
- regulates the actions of the body's skeletal muscles
- autonomice nervous system
- sustains basic life processes (functions u don't think about controlling)
- sympathetic division
- governs responses to emergency situations
- parasympathetic division
- monitors the routine operation of the body's internal functions "fight or flight"
- brain stem
- contains structures that collectively regulate the internal state of the body
- medulla
- center for blood pressure, breathing, and hearbeat
- pons
- provides inputs to other structures in the brain stem and cerebellum
- reticular formation
- arouses the cerebral cortex to attend new stimulation and keeps brain alert
- thalamus
- channels incoming sensory info. to the cerebral cortex
- cerebellum
- coordinates bodily movement, controls posture, and maintains equilibrium
- limbic system
- regulates body temp. and blood pressure, emotional states, and memory processes
- hippocampus
-
-largest part of limbi system
- important in aquisition of memories - amygdala
- emotional control and formation of emotional memories- may play part in knowledge related to danger and threat
- hypothalamus
- motivated behavior (unconcious everyday actions) maintains homeostasis
- homeostasis
- body's internal equilibrium
- cerebrum
- regulates brain higher cognitive and emotional functions
- cerebral cortex
- outter surfacr of cerebrum
- cerebral hemispheres
- the brains hemispheres
- corpus collosum`
- thick mass of nerve fibers connecting 2 hemispheres of brain
- frontal lobe
- controls motor skills and cognitive skills, planning, making decisions, setting goals
- parietal lobe
- sensations, touch ,pain, and temperature
- occipital lobe
- final destination for visual information
- temporal lobe
- responsible for hearing
- motor cortex
- controls body's voluntary muscles
- somatosensory cortex
- processes info about temperature, touch, body position, and pain
- auditory cortex
- where auditory info. is processed
- visual cortex
- where visul input is processed at the back of the brain
- association cortex
- planning and decision making- combine info from various sensory things and react to stimuli in environment
- Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
- hemispheres R controls L and L controls R
- lateralization
- when on side of the brain dominates the other
- endocrine system
- network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones
- hormones (es)
- chemical messengers
- pituitary gland
- 10 diff. hormones- influences growth
- testosterone
- stimulates sperm production
- estrogen
- triggers the release of ova in a woman
- neuron
- cell specialized to recieve, process, and transmit info. to other cells in body
- dendrites
- branched fibers that recieve incoming signals from sense receptors
- soma
- contains nucleus of cell and cytoplasm
- axon
- single extended fiber- recieves info from dendrites and passes it to terminal buttons
- terminal buttons
- swollen bublike structures through which the neuron can stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons
- neurons transmitt info
- dendrites-through soma-axon-terminal buttons
- sensory neurons
- carry messages from sense receptor cells to CNS
- motor neurons
- carry messages away from CNS towards muscles and glands
- interneurons
- relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons or to motor neurons
- glia cells
-
-hold neurons in place
- help guide newborn neurons to appropriate locations in brain
- clean up junk left behind
-form myelin sheath
-protects toxic substances from brain
- nueral communication - astrocytes
- blood-brain barrier to protect brain from substances that shouldn't be absorbed
- excitatory
- neurons fire!
- inhibitory
- neurons don't fire!
- resting potential
- polarization- fluid inside cell polarized in relation to fluid outside cell
- ion channels
- excitable portions of the cell membrane that selectively permit certain ions to flow in and out
- all-or-none-law
- the size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level
- action potential
- self propogating- needs no outside stimulation to keep moving
- relative refractory period
- neuron will only fire in response to a stimulus stronger than what is ordinarily necessary
- absolute refractory period
- further stimulation cannot cause another action potential to occur
- synapse
- the gap between one neuron and another
- synaptic transmission
- the relaying of info from one neuron to another across the synaptic gap
- neurotransmitters
- biochemical substances that stimulate other neurons
- Acetylcholine
- can cause muscles to contract- lack of = Alzheimers
- GABA
- inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain- messenger
- neuromodulator
- any substance that modifies or modulates the activities of the postsynaptic neuron
- norepinehrine
- lack of - depression
- dopamine
- lack of - schizophrenia
- plasticity
- changes in performance in the brain
- neurogenesis
- the production of new brain cells from naturally occuring stem cells
- true experiment
- has internal validity