THE ULTIMATE BIO SET

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Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from high to low concentrations.
isotonic: equal distribution of liquid
G2: The period between "S" and mitosis.
difference between 100x and 500x when viewing a slide under a microscope: 500x is 5 times bigger than 100x under the microscope
Hydrolysis: The chemical process by which a molecule of water is added to something to separate it into 2
Centriole: Structures that help with cell division.
Glycolysis: A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP.
solution: when two substances completely mix together
ionic bonds: transfer electrons from one atom to another to become stable
glycogen: animals store excess sugar to use as energy
diffusion: net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
hypotonic: more water/less salt
Reactant: substance that undergoes a chemical reaction
protein: molecule composed of a long chain of amino acids
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the conentration of solutes inside the cell.
Fermentation: Process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
kinetic energy: energy of an object due to it's motion
chloroplasts: absorbs sunlight and converts it into usable energy
tropical rain forest: hot; wet season with a short dry season;cover 6% of the worlds total land surface
Zygote: a fertilized egg cell
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, with the centrioles at opposite ends and the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres.
Cilium: short hairlike projections similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells
where does cellular respirations happen in eukaryotic cells?: mitochondria
Trophic levels: the levels on an energy pyramid
cell wall makeup: lipids
taiga/coniferous: cold snowy winters and warm summers;located in northern latitudes; has pines there
Carbon cycle: people give off carbon dioxide, plants take it in and produce oxygen, then we breathe that in... bam, that's the cycle
Lipid: a type of organic molecule whose function is to store energy
nucleus: DNA located here
Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm during cell division
eukaryotic: cell with nucleus
positive control: an experiment whose result is already known to be positive, it is used to check that nothing went wrong during the procedure.
Phospholipids: lipid molecule in all membranes; composed of two layers of phospholipids
Nucleus: In eukaryotic cells, this is where DNA is located. Controls parts of the cell.
Specific Heat: is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a substance by one degree in temperature.
quantitative data: data expressed with numbers
Calvin Cycle: found in the final stage of photosynthesis where carbon atoms are used to make carbohydrates
Dependant Variable: the condition that results from the change
Carbohydrates: (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) primary source of energy, glycosidic bonds
independent variable: what u are testing, what u change
activation energy: energy needed to start a chemical reaction
lysosome: aid in breaking down cellular waste
Element: a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Product: the end result of a reaction
Homologous Chromosome: chromosomes that contain genes for the same traits, like eye color
Interphase: The longest phase in the cell's cycle.
3 things found in plant cell but not animal cell: cell wall/chloroplasts/central vacuole
catalyst: speed up/slow down a reaction
A nucleotide does NOT contain: polymerase
consumers: primary vs. secondary: secondary must eat more than the primary to gain the same amount of E, because E is lost as heat
Gene: coded info in form of hereditary units
Somatic Cell: a body cell; a cell whose genes will not be passed on.
cell wall: layer surrounding the cell of a plant
Gene: A segment of DNA that is responsible for controlling a trait.
Thylakoids: Photosynthetic membranes contained in the chloroplast where chlorophyll and other pigments are located. The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place here.
nucleus: control center of cell/information center
Tetrad: Two chromosomes or four chromoatids.
Sex or germ cell: A cell that is destined to become a gamete; a cell whose genes can be passed on.
Carotenoid: a class of pigments that are present in the thylakoid membrane of plants and that aid in photosynthesis
Metabolism: The process by which your body gets energy from food.
In prokayotes, DNA molecules are located in the...: cytoplasm
pH scale: measures how acidic or basic a substance is
isotope: atoms or elements with different numbers of neutrons in their , atoms of the same element but with a different number of protons
products: substances that come out of a reaction
gap2: cell prepares to divide
inorganic: doesn't contain carbon
Cytokenesis: The division of the cytoplasm.
Negative control: an experiment done with a sample/mock sample that should normally yield a negative result. It allows to check for contamination of the reagents or artifacts that would give false positive.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, made up of nucleotides (ribose or deoxyribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
Endoplasmic Reticulum: an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed
parasitism: symbiotic relationship in which one organism feeds off the tissue/body fluids of another organism
NADPH: energy transporter used in Calvin Cycle
ATP: adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and then releases energy in living organisms
cell membrane makeup: lipids, proteins
aerobic vs. anaerobic cellular respiration: aerobic creates 36 ATP, anaerobic creates 2 ATP
di-: none
atomic mass: the number of neutrons and protons
Flagellum: what bacteria uses as propellers
polarity: a weak chemical attraction with bonds between polar molecules
Enzyme: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Proteins: made up of amino acids (monomers) Function- enzymes, held together by peptide bonds
peroxisome: detoxifies
Ribosome: where the cell's proteins are produced
why do plants need nitrogen? what do they make with it?: mineral found in soil that is needed for plants survival, the plant makes usable energy out of the nitrogen
non polar bonding: unrelated to charge
hydrophilic: "water loving" - sugar
Catalyst: an enzyme that speeds up a reaction
hydrophobic: afraid of watet
Asexual Reproduction: reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Ovum: the female reproductive cell
Y axis: dependent variable on a graph
Cell membrane: Barrier surrounding cell that regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable.
Evolution: development or growth.
molecule: a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
autotroph: manufactures its own food
Electron Transport Chain: uses high-energy electrons from Kreb's cycle to convert ADP into ATP
Sporophyte: the first stage in the reproductive cycle of a plant
cytosol: internal fluid of the cell
centresome: where microtubules are produced
Osmosis: the diffusion of water across a membrane
monosaccharides: single sugars
selectively permeable: only allows certain materials to enter and leave the cell. it is important to keep unhealthy materials out of the cell
Anaerobic: oxygen is not required
Carrier Protein: transport protein that carries products from one side to the other side of the cell.
what is happening when ATP is made from ADP+P and when it is broken down?: energy is being stored and released
anaphase: chromosomes split in two
biomes: a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land.
explain "energy flows through an ecosystem": the unused energy and nutrients are broken down by decomposers and released into the soil for future use and to begins the cycle again
Gamete: is either a sperm or egg cell.
Hypotonic Solution: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher conentration of water than inside the cell (Low Solute --> High Water).
isotonic: equal salt and water
stomata: openings that allow materials in/out of the leaf
Cellular Respiration Formula: C6H₁₂O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
vacuole: stores food, waste, nutrients, or water
Cell Cycle: the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo- interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Cell Wall: Only in plant cells. Around cell, outside of membrane. Made of Cellulose.
cytokinesis: division of everything in the cell except for the nucleus
physical change: affects the size/shape/color of a substance but not composition
Active Transport: when materials require energy to move through the cell membrane
how do nitrogen bases line up: CG always together & AT always together
Energy: an exertion of force
Carnivore: any animal that feeds on flesh
potential energy: stored energy
lipids: these store two times as much potential energy as protein
solute: a substance dissolved in a solvent
amino acids: the building blocks of proteins
nucleotides: smaller molecules in a nucleic acid chain
activation energy: necessary energy to cause a reaction
carbohydrate: most abundant organic compound found in nature; #1 source of energy
Pigments: Colored chemical compounds that absorb light
Cell Membrane: controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell.
In what way does RNA differ from DNA?: RNA contains uracil and ribose
hydrolysis: the process of breaking down disaccharides into 2 monosaccharides by adding water
reactant: a starting substance in a chemical reaction
structures most easily seen inside cells using the school microscopes. explain: nucleus and cell membrane, they contain the most particles and are stained easily
Activation Energy: the energy that is needed to get a reaction started
Carbon Dioxide Fixation: the transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds
omnivore: feeds on producers and other consumers
acid: compound that releases hydrogen ions in a solution
Aerobic: oxygen is required
monomer: small units of larger molecules
Nucleotide: a molecule consisting of 1 or more phosphate groups, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.
Lysosome: Membrane-enclosed organelles containing digestive enzymes.
aqueous acid: a solution that is mainly water
cell wall: located around the cell membrane, it protects and supports a plant cell
Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells withdraw energy from glucose.
Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose to produce either lactic or pyruvic acid
osmotic balance: water balance
NADP: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
Rough ER: Covered with ribosomes. Produces proteins. Transports materials throughout the cell.
Atom: smallest unit of an matter
Lipid Bilayer: Two layers of phospholipids.
chromatid: identical copies of a chromosome
Nucleolus: Helps make ribosomes.
nucleic acid/DNA: the building blocks of nucleic acid are a simple sugar, a phosphate, and a base. the purpose of DNA is to carry hereditary informationand assist in the building of protein
stomach acid: hydrochloric acid
Chromatid: one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
nucleic acid: a long chain of smaller molecules
The main enzyme involved in linking individuals nucleotides into DNA molecules is...: DNA polymerase
prophase: chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears
covalent bonds: formed when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
active site: where the enzyme and substrate react
spindles: break apart the chromosomes in a cell during cell division
G1: The time during interphase when the cell grows and performs its normal function.
Cytoplasm: Liquidy substance in cell that holds organelles in place.
x-axis: independent variable
savanna: a grassland that has scattered clumps of trees and sesonal rains
y-axis: dependent variable
Denaturing: changing the conformation of a protein through, pH, temperature, or salt concentration changes
facilitated diffusion: requires no energy
mitchondria: produces energy, in the form of ATP, for the cell
Endocytosis: Taking bulky material into a cell.
Metabolism: the process by which your body gets energy from food
mitosis: part of the cell cycle where parent cells distribute their chromosomes and split into 2 daughter cells. vells continously grow. when they become too big to function correctly they must divide to survive. before mitosis the human cell copies its chromosomes so that there are 92 after mitosis each daughter cell is left with 46.
Mitochondria: Organelle that has own DNA. Makes ATP.
element: a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Large central vacuole: A large vesicle in plant cells that provide both storage and space-filling functions.
Bacteriophage: a virus that infects bacteria
mono-: one
Protein Pumps: Transports proteins that require energy to do work.
Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA.
herbivore: feeds directly on producers
surface tension: The cohesive forces between liquid molecules, happens because the surface molecules are not surrounded by other water molecules on all sides, so they cohere
properties of water: two hydrogen atoms, one oxygen atom
ionic bond: transferring of electrons
properties of water: great solvent/dissolves waste products/participates in chemical reactions/absorbs and releases heat slowly/requires a lot of heat to change to gas/good lubricant/makes up most volume of cells and body fluids
Lactic Acid: what builds up when a muscle continues to burn sugar but doesn't have enough oxygen to work properly and becomes sore
organisms that do cellular respiration: all organisms need to break down glucose to obtain energy
tundra: coldest and driest biome; low swampy plans; covers 1/5 of the land surface
valence: outside electrons
hydrolysis: breaking of a peptide bond to separate 2 amino acids
energy pyramid: shows the trophic levels in an ecosystem and the feeding relationship between organisms in an ecosystem
Acid: more H+ ions , releases hydrogen ions (H+); a chemical with a pH less than 7
lipids: non polar molecules that are not soluble in water
how can u tell if ur looking at meiosis or mitosis?: mitosis goes through one phase of division while meiosis goes through two.
hypertonic: more salt/ less water
atomic mass: the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Glucose: a major source of energy in cells
Cytoplasm: a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
enzyme inhibitor: blocks the enzyme from doing what it has to do
pH: the negative log of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
acids: ionic compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
homologous: similar in structure/function/characteristics
neutron: a particle with no charge located in the nucleus of an atom
biology: the science that studies living organisms
Electron Microscope: uses electrons to produce a magnified image
cell membrane: allows materials to pass in/out, keeps form of cell and protects
ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis
NADPH: An electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis.
Cell: the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
commensalism: symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Homologous Chromosomes: Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size.
nitrogen fixation: bacteria changes poisonous nitrogen into usable nitrogen energy
Symbiosis: parasitism [one organism benefits, while the other looses something], commensalism [one organism benefits, and nothing happens to the other], mutualism [both organisms benefit from the interaction]
synthesis: chromosomes duplicate
Life Cycle: The successive stages in the growth and development of a living organism.
tundra: cold and stuff, a treeless Artic region where the subsoil is permanently frozen
carrier protein: transports substances
Golgi Apparatus: Controls flow of molecules in a cell.
polymers: a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits strung together
decomposer: consumers that recycle organic matter in an ecosystem by breaking down dead organic material to get nutrients. releases resulting inorganic compounds into the soil and water
Biomes: there's at least 7 of them, climates where populations of many different species live
what causes waters special properties?: water's polarity
What does NOT describe the structure of DNA?: contains adenine-uracil pairs
Synapsis: Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad.
Golgi Apparatus: The protein packaging and transport center of the cell. Has incoming and outgoing vesicles.
haloenzyme: the enzyme, substrate, and co-enzyme or co-factor
organic: contains carbon
Facilitated Diffusion: when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
protoplasm: the living substance inside the cell
centromere: holds together the two halves of a chromosome
Autosome: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
lipid: glycerol + fatty acid
hypotonic: more water outside cell. in attempt to create equilibrium, cell wall expands and becomes less pointy. hypertonic, more liquid on inside in attempt to create equilibrium cell wall closes in
male vs. female meiosis: male: left with 4 identical sperm. female: left with one cell that got more cytoplasm and becomes egg + 3 polar bodies that are not involved in sexual reproduction
cilia: beat rapidly to move things away from the cell membrane
disaccharides: double sugars formed condensation synthesis
explain "protein is denatured": proteins are broken down and mutated into new form
Central Vacuole: Provides storage for fluids. Maintains turgor pressure. A storage for waste.
Lipid Bilayer: two layers of lipids which gives cell membrane flexible structure
carbohydrate: an organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1.
Karyotype: appearance, number and arrangements of chromosomes
Smooth ER: full name: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. No ribosomes on exterior. Transports proteins to Golgi Apparatus.
Mutation: an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration
Dehydration Synthesis: The chemical process by which a molecule of water is removed from the reactants to join the reactants together.
carbon fixation: carbon must go through this process in order from it to become usable energy for living things
chemical compound: two or more elements joined together
Eukaryote: organism with a nucleus
tundra: coldest biome with little rain
gaurd cell: controls the opening and closing of the stomata
transpiration: water is absorbed by plants through the roots, carried through the leaves and then evaporates
active transport: using energy to take something in
dehydration synthesis: removal of water , removing a water molecule to form a bond
Diffusion: the act of spreading; high to low
predator prey relationship: the predator lives off the prey (eats it) example: snake is the predator, mouse it the prey
Autotrophs: Organisms that use energy from their environments to fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules.
anions: negative ions
Diploid: A cell with two chromosome sets in each of its cells, all body (somatic) cells.
cations: positive ions
What describes the structure of DNA?: double helix and nucleotide polymer
Sexual Reproduction: reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite
Rain Forest: Over 60 inches of rain a year.
rough ER: transports material in cell (with ribosomes)
element: composed of atoms with identical atomic numbers
covalent bonds: "share" electrons to become stable
enzyme: proteins that are catalysts and speed up reactions
solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Consumers: first order [a mouse eats some grass], second order [a snake eats the mouse], etc..
atomic number: number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
Collagen: In bones and connective tissues.
cytoplasm: the location of many of the cell's chemical reactions
function: cellulose: plant fibers non-digestible to animals (makes cell walls)
plant cell cytokinesis: cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm seperates at the end of mitosis. in plant cells a cell plate/cell wall forms that seperates the two cytoplasms
product: formed as a result of a chemical reaction
matrix: base material
Resolution: the ability of a microscope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
centrioles: make microtubules/used for cell division
oxygen: what do plants release after photsynthesis?
Ion Channel: transport protein in a cell membrane through which ions pass
Heterotrophs: Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy.
Magnification: the act of expanding something in apparent size
Crossing Over: the exchange of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis.
water cycle: The earth has a limited amount of water. That water keeps going around and around and around and around and in what we call the "_____________".... This cycle is made up of a few main parts:...evaporation (and transpiration), condensation, precipitation, and collection.
compound: a substance made up of two or more elements
radiant energy: energy from the sun
Meiosis: cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Chemiosmosis: Hydrogen+ ions in the thylakoid space cause the pH to drop because the concentration of hydrogen+ (H+) ions is higher. So, the H+ ions want to get out! They do so by passing through ATP-synthetase. As the H+ ions pass through, the E is used to attach P to ADP -> ATP. This process is also called photophosphorylation.
why are leaves green?: chlorophyll found in chloroplasts in plant cells
Mitosis: The division of somatic cells.
smooth ER: transports material in cell (without ribosomes)
Deciduous Forest: 120 days frost-free; includes trees that flower.
Light Microscope: visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
Desert: areas that receive less than 10 inches of rain a year.
desert: hot and dry, a large area of land that has very little water and very few plants growing on it
cytoskeleton: allows for cell shape and structure
Activation Energy: energy needed to start a reaction
S: The time where the DNA is replicated.
function: glycogen: animal starch made in liver (sugar animals crave)
microtubules: conveyor belts inside the cell
Homeostasis: tendency of a system to maintain relative stability
proteins: transports substances into or out of cells and controls the rate of reaction and regulate cell processes
cell membrane: controls movement of materials into and out of cell
Cytoskeleton: made up of microfilaments (network of fibers).
photosynthesis: 6H2O+6CO2 >>> C6H12O6
6 H2O + 6 CO2 = 6 O2 + C6H12O6: photosynthesis equation
Chloroplast: Only in plant cells. Contains chlorophyll. Helps with photosynthesis.
Scientific Method: 1) Ask a question (2) gather and research information (3) form hypothesis (4) perform experiment and collect data (5) come to a conclusion (6) share results.
coenzyme: non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes
Predator/Prey relasionships: predator eats prey
colloids: mixtures with clumps of molecules
ER, without ribosomes attached: funtion is detoxification of drugs
meiosis: type of cell division that creates gametes/sex cells necessary to reproduce sexually. before meiosis cell duplicates its chromosomes. after meiosis cell have gone through 2 stages of mitosis and each cells has 23 chromosomes (half the # that are in body cells)
thykaloid: where photosynthesis takes place
Haploid: containing a single set of chromosomes
ER with ribosomes attached: begins protein packaging
Deoxyribose: a five-carbon sugar found in DNA.
steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis: breakdown of glucose, happens in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP. kreb cycle: happens in mitochondria, breaks down pyruvic acid left from glycolysis, produces 2 ATP. electron transport: binds high energy electrons to NAD and FAD to produce ATP from ADP, produces 32 ATP
Chlorophyll: The primary pigment involved in photosynthesis.
bases: ionic compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
how much energy is sent from one trophic level to the next and where does the "lost" energy go?: 10% of the energy is sent from one trophic level to the next while the remaining unused energy is released in the form of heat
xylem: transports water from the roots to the leaf of the plant
amine group: a nitrogen attached to a carbon
Enzymes: Break down and alter biochemicals.
polymerization: a chemical process formed by macromolecules
Ion: positively or negatively charged atom
lysosome: intercellular digestion
chemical element: particle of matter with the same kind of atom
heterogeneous: inconsistent/non-uniform composition
Base: less H+ ions, more OH- ions, any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and has a pH above 7.
Thylakoid: a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
mitochondria: "power house" of cell, aids in the storage and release of energy
simple sugars: basic unit of carbohydrates that are made up of 3 - 6 carbons
1000 microns: how many microns in a millimeter
electron: a negatively charged particle that revolves around the nucleus
function: starches: primarily substances plants store as food
chromatin: DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
compound: a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements
primary consumer: feeds directly on producers (herbivores)
Compound: a form of matter containing two or more elements, combined in fixed proportions
Hemoglobin: Binds with oxygen allowing it to be transported to cells throughout the body.
reactants: substances that go into a reaction
desert: moistures sporatic, located on the eastern half of the US
hydrophilic: likes water
Exocytosis: Forces material out of the cell in bulk.
telophase: two separate cells appear
Protein: a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body; ., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous
protein: a chain of molecules called amino acids
Meiosis: The creation of new sex cells.
solvent: a substance that dissolves another to form a solution
taiga: distinct seasons with moderate precipitation
taiga: same as deciduous forest, nearly continuous belt of evergreen conferous forests across the northern hemisphere, in the north america and eurasia
metaphase: chromosomes align
dehydration synthesis: the process of joining monosaccharides together by removing water
vinegar: acetic acid
Unicellular: Composed of one cell.
Lysosomes: Breaks down materials for digestion. Contains special enzymes for digestion in the cell.
carboxyl group: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
peptide bond: a bond that joins any two amino acids
RNA: ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
mitochondrion: converts food energy into useful form
homogeneous: consistent/uniform composition
biome: large area with specific climate and vegetation
qualitative data: data expressed as words
diffusion: particles move from a greater level of concentration to a lesser
water cycle: evaporation - transpiration - condensation - precipitation...
Fermentation: process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
polar bonding: opposite charges attract
golgi apparatus: packages/stores/ships proteins
Protein Conformation: the shape of the protein, the way it is built
hydrophobic: "water hating" - oil
Ionic Bond: electrons are completely transferred from one atom .
ion: transfer electrons
control: standard for comparing results
aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>> 6H2O + 6CO2
poly-: many
mutualism: symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
grana: stack of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chromoplasts
Organelles: A membrane-bound structure that carries out specific structures for the cell.
endocytosis: going into a cell
Fertilization: the union of male and female gametes
Prophase: The cell begins the process of division. Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope disappears. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell and asters and spindle fibers form.
Carbohydrate: a class of energy-giving nutrients that include sugar, starches, and fiber.
Independent Variable: the cause, or treatment, is manipulated
Homeostasis: Internal condition of a stable maintenance.
leukoplast: stores oil and starch
Pigment: a colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color
Lipids: nonpolar (hydrophobic) made up of 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, ester linkage bonds
chromoplast: allows for color pigment
Cell Membrane: a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
golgi apparatus: site of final packagin of proteins
Sex Chromosome: one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
cytoplasm: holds all organelles inside the cell
chloroplast: photosynthesis
Amino Acid: the building block of proteins
unsaturated fat: fatty acid that have double bonds between the carbons and fats from plantes
Grasslands: areas that receive 10-30 inches of rain a year.
gap1: growth of the cell
Facilitated Diffusion: Glucose, sodium ions and chloride ions are just a few examples of molecules and ions that must efficiently get across the plasma membrane but to which the lipid bilayer of the membrane is virtually impermeable. Their transport must therefore be "facilitated" by proteins that span the membrane and provide an alternative route or bypass. Facilitated diffusion is the name given this process. It is similar to passive transport in the sense that it does not require E and transport is again down an concentration gradient. There are a few different types. There is gated channel, it's like a tube with a little gate on one end and when the correct molecule gets near it on a charge is built up it opens or closes. There is a tube one with no gate (integral I believe it's called, but I,m not 100%) that is selective of what it lets pass through, and lastly there are the carrier proteins which are enzymes that when the right molecule sits on it, it passes it through the membrane.
isotopes: atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
amino acid: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Gametophyte: the haploid phase that produces gametes by mitosis
mitosis: division of the nucleus
Tundra: Plants are only about 4 inches in height; found next to the icy zones in the arctic.
Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth
where is DNA found in our cells: nucleus and mitochondria
facilitated diffusion: something must happen to ignite the diffusion process
phloem: transports food from the roots to the leaf of the plant
roots: absorb water and minerals from soil
Hypertonic Solution: The solution has a higher concentrations of solutes and a lower concentraion of water than inside the cell (High solute --> Low water).
chromosome: DNA molecule
endergonic reaction: when heat in taken in
cell wall: keeps water from escaping and provides protection and form
Passive Transport: Cell doesn't use energy. (molecules move randomly) 1.) Diffusion 2.) Facilitated Diffusion 3.) Osmosis
prosthetic group: Non-protein compound essential to action of an enzyme
vacuole: storage
dependent variable: the results of the experiment
Hormones: Regulate physical growth.
Multicellular: Composed of many cells that may organize.
X axis: independent variable on a graph
Haploid: A cell with one chromosome set in each of its cells, all gametes.
Herbivore: any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants
What nucleotide bonds with adenine?: thymine and uracil
Deoxiribose: A type of sugar on the side of a DNA molecule.
Clone: a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Enzymes: proteins that catalyze or speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Nitrogen Cycle: the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. It is a gaseous cycle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle], the circulation of nitrogen
nucleolus: makes ribosomes; in nucleus
adhesion: an attraction between different substances
cellular division: cytokinesis + mitosis
chloroplast: uses sun's enery for photosynthesis
Organelle: part of a cell with a specific function
light reactions: purpose: to create ATP and NADPH which can later be used in dark reactions
interphase: all stages of the cell cycle other than mitosis
carbonation: carbonic acid
how can you tell a sugar apart from a protein?: sugar has C,H, and O. proteins have C, H, O, and N.
Chromosome: a threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information
covalent bond: sharing of electrons
foodweb: network of food chains representing the flow of energy in an ecosystem. the arrows point from the prey to the predator.
neutral: when acid and base mix, both die and become neutral, create a salt and water, pH = 7
theory of biogenesis: life originates from pre-existing life
pyramids: producers are at the bottom of these....
pinocytosis: cell drinking
prokaryotic: cell with no nucleus
biology: study of living organisms
Nucleic Acid: macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
Active Transport: Cell uses energy. 1.) Protein Pumps 2.) Endocytosis 3.) Exocytosis
producer: autotrophs [manufacture own food], photoautotrophs [use the sun's energy to produce food], chemoautotrophs [use chemicals to produce food]
Molecule: the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
karyotype: an organized profile of a person's chromosomes
Electron Transport Chain: Uses high-energy electrons from Kreb's cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
Cellular Respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen: made up of glycosis, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
matter: the substance of which physical objects are composed
solvent: the substance that can dissolve the solute
macromolecule: a large molecule made of many smaller molecules
products of fermentation: 2 ATP and NAD
Proteins: Molecules that perform an array of crucial functions in the human body.
Double Helix: the presence of 2 strands of DNA
Enzyme: an example of a protein, which functions to make chemical reactions happen
non-competitive inhibitor: blocks the enzyme at a location other than the active site
lysosomes: worn-out organelles and macromolecules are broken down here
soluble: dissolved
Spermatogenesis: the formation of sperm
energy: the capacity of a physical system to do work
proton: a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
producer: uses sunlight to produce own energy/food
Fermentation: The recycling of NAD+ using an organic hydrogen acceptor.
tropical rain forest: it's where Tukan Sam lives from fruit loops
temperate forests: moistures low; warm summers; vegetation: trees, shrubs, herbs and lichens;
competitive inhibitor: blocks the enzyme at the active site
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins. Present in the cytoplasm.Present with Rough ER. No present nucleus.
dark reactions: purpose: to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar that can be used by the plant
Independent Assortment: the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
phagocytosis: cell eating
denature: to unfold or inactivate a protein
Reproduction: producing more cells
cohesion: an attraction between substances of the same kind
chromosomes in body cells vs. sex cells: body cells have diploid # (46) sex cells have haploid # (23)
Hypothesis: a mere assumtion or guess
stroma: supporting framework of an organ
cellulose: fibers give plants much of their strength and rigidity
hypothysis: an educated guess; a statement that can be tested
cytoskeleton: made of microtubules and microfilaments
Ribosome: Organelle that makes proteins.
ion: an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
Endothermic/ Endergonic: chemical reactions that must absorb energy in order to proceed
secondary consumer: consumes primary consumers and producers
Cell Wall: strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
heterotroph: consumes other organisms as source of energy
rainforest: hot, humid and very wet with lots of vegetation and species
Calvin Cycle: A series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar.
Diploid: containing two or more sets of chromosomes
substrate: substance that enzymes work on
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): First, protons are moved across the membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Then, Electrons are transported along the membrane, through a series of protein carriers. Next, oxygen the terminal electron acceptor, combines with electrons and H+ ions to produce water. Finally, as the NADH delivers more H+ and electrons into the ETC, the proton gradient increases, with H+ building up outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, and OH- inside the membrane.
food chain: series of different organisms that transfer food between the different trophic levels of an ecosystem
osmosis: diffusion of water moving across a semipermeable membrane
Krebs Cycle: Process where pyruvic acid is broken down to release stored energy
independent variable: what is being tested; what changes
Prokaryote: organism without a nucleus
osmosis: diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
desert: extreme temperatures with no rainfall and little vegetation
temperate grasslands: more grass, limited trees streams and lots of herbavores
base: compound that reacts with acids to form a salt
polymer: large molecule formed by the joining of multiple monomers
synapsis: when sister chromitids come together
cell membrane: external, limiting, bilayer lipid membrane
Centromere: where the chromatids are held together when a chromosome is duplicated
Cytoskeleton: provides shape to all cells
Krebs Cycle: the process where pyruvic acid is broken down to release stored energy and carbon dioxide and NADH is created
chemical change: a change that results in the formation of a new substance
Spindle: tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
Diffusion: Random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area with low concentration (High --> Low).
plastids: responsible for photosynthesis
nucleus: surrounded by nucleur envelope
deciduous: cold with low moisture (grasslands)
hydroxyl group: hydrogen, oxygen
Omnivore: A raccoon that eats fish and wild berries is an example of an________.
base: substances that release hydroxi ions (OH-) when dissolved in water, pH > 7
ribosome: makes proteins
Equilibrium: state of being balanced
cristae: internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondiron
Substrate: the specific substance that an enzyme has an effect on in a chemical reaction
Cells: Basic unit of organisms.
Non-Polar Bonds: equal sharing of electrons, equal electronegativities
Nucleus: The control center of the cell. Contains the DNA code for the cell coiled into chromosomes.
cofactor: proteins or vitamins that assist enzymes
histone: acts as a spool for DNA
suspensions: homogeneous mixtures with particles
Rough ER: full name: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Ribosomes on it. Transports proteins to Golgi Apparatus.
nucleotide: sugar, a base, and a phosphate group-which contains phosphorus and oxygen atoms
what happens when organic molecule's building blocks are put together or taken apart?: energy is either absorbed or released
Binary Fission: when cells copy their DNA and divide again and again
saturated fat: a fat with no double bonds
Exothermic/ Exergonic: chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound.
Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane. Transports larger or charged molecules.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope: a microscope that measures differences in voltage of electrons leaving the surface of an object and creates a three-dimensional image of the object
battery: sulfuric acid
monomers: the subunits that serve as the building blocks, the smaller units of macromolecules
flagellum: used to propel (move) the cell
enzyme: A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
carnivore: feeds on other consumers
Cohesion: water pulling on another molecule of water, helps water get up the stem of the plant
Chloroplast: Contains chlorophyll and structures called thylakoids. Makes ATP and sugars. (Only in plant cells)
dependent variable: ur results
fermentation: lactic acid and alcoholic. oxygen is not present for either of them. you would know someone was doing lactic acid fermentation if they were panting, sweating or had just exercised
solute: the substance that is dissolved into a substance
Nucleus: the center part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Heredity: the total of inherited attributes
Oogenesis: the development of ova
Decomposers: break down all dead stuff
Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell. Processes energy and makes ATP; involved in cellular respiration.
endoplasmic reticulum: filters drugs
large vacuole: store/prepare particles for shipment
Polar Bonds: the electronegativities are similar, but not equal, unequal sharing of electrons
substrate: specific reactant that an enzyme acts on
energy transfers: energy is lost as heat on the way up the pyramid
exergonic reaction: when heat is given off
Plasmolysis: Cell shrinks.
passive transport vs active transport: PT does not require energy AT does
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where all organelles live and float around in.
polysaccharides: macromolecules with 1000 monosaccharides linked together
Cell Wall: Rigid and strong wall. Protects and maintains the shape of the cell. (Only in plant cells)
Smooth ER: Transports materials throughout the cell. Digests lipids and produces proteins.
During replication, what sequence of nucleotides would bond with the DNA sequence TATGA?: ATACT
food chains vs. food webs: food chain just shows one line of eating, food web shows a lot more things being eaten and what they eat
atom: the smallest component of an element
acid: substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, pH < 7
Evergreen Coniferous Forest: AKA: taiga; soil is poor and rocky; mountains in the background; cool temperatures.

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