psychology
Terms
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- rooting reflex
- a baby's tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and serach for the nipple; this is an automatic, unlearned response
- permissive parenting
- style of paernting maked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands and using little punishment
- stranger anxiety
- the fear of strangers that infants commonly dislpay, beggining by about 8 months of age
- authritative parenting
- a style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsice setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules
- maturation
- biological growht processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
- object permanence
- The awareness that htings continue to exist even when yo0u cannot see or hear them
- sensorimotor stage
- in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
- fetus
- the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth
- critical period
- an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism;s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
- Genes
- a segment of DNA; biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes and direct how cells become specialized for various functions during prenatal development
- embryo
- the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the end of the eighth week
- Jean Piaget
- Pioneer in the study of develpmental psychology; introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children;s thought processes.
- egocentrism
- in Piaget's theory the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view or to understand that symbols can represent other objects
- accommodation
- adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new info.
- concrete operational stage
- in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental skills that let them think logically about concrete events
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- a series of physical and cognitinve abnormalities that appear in children whos mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant. Symptoms may include noticeable facial misproportions
- schimas
- concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret info.
- preoperational stage
- In Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
- Konrad Lorenz
- Researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
- temperament
- a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
- zygote
- The fertilized egg; it enters a two week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into and embryo
- Harry Harlow
- Psychologist who researched the relationship of body contact and nourishment to attacment, using infant monkeys and artificial mothers
- assimilation
- interperting ones new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
- formal operational stage
- in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts and form strategies
- teratogens
- substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally
- conservation
- the principle that properties such as mass, voulume, & number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
- authoritarian parenting
- style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience
- imprinting
- the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
- cognition
- mental processes; all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, & remembering
- attachment
- an emotional tie with another person; young children demonstrate attachment by seeking closeness to the care giver and showing distress on separation