SAT II Bio
Terms
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- Starch (insoluble) results in what after digestion
- Glucose, which is soluble
- Enamel
- hardest substance in human body found in crown of tooth
- Saliva contains
- ptyalin which digests starch into maltose
- villi
- Absorption of digested soluble stuff; increases the absorptive surface of small intestine
- Portal vein
- capillary of villi goes to portal vein to liver
- Caeca
- digestive glands which secrete into intestines in fish
- bile
- produced in liver stored in gallbladder
- lymph glands or nodes
- manufacture certain white blood cells and filter germs out of the body
- Blood cleaning done in
- liver and spleen
- element needed for hemoglobin formation
- iron
- bone marrow
- produces white and red blood cells
- Thromboplastin
- platelets break down and give off thromboplastin. This causes the substance prothrombin to change to thrombin. Thrombin acts on fibrinogen, turning it into threads of fibrin
- fibrinogen
- one of the dissolved proteins in plasma
- Serum
- like plasma except no fibrinogen
- heparin and dicumarol
- used to eliminate blood clots
- pleura
- membrane outside of lungs
- inspiration
- diaphragm flattens out; air in due to lower pressure
- expiration
- diaphram relaxes
- what part of brain controls breathing
- medulla
- C02 in cells is from
- metabolism
- Carbon dioxide plus water-->
- carbonic acid (H2CO3); then bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions ; stops blood from becoming too acidic
- anoxia
- lack of air
- digestive system
- prepares food for use by the cells
- circulatory system
- distributes food, oxygen, and other materials to the cells
- respiratorysystem
- provides for the intake of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide and water
- arenal artery
- carries blood containing high percentage of waste into each kidney
- glomerulus
- arenal artery branches into small blood vessels, then capillary and the dense network of the capilaries is the glomerulus
- bowman's capsule
- surrounds glomerulus in a thin-walled cup
- deamination
- breaking down of amino acids (production of urea is when the liver breaks down amino acids)
- secretin
- stimulates the digestive glands in pancreas to produce pancreatic juice
- cholecytokinin
- stimulates the gallblader to contract and send bile into small intestine
- enterocrinin
- stimulates digestive glands of small intestine to secrete intestinal juices
- endocrine glands different b/c
- diffuse directly into blood and not thru a duct
- cretins and myxedema
- thyroid glands are not producing enough thyroxin
- parathyroid gland
- secrete the hormone parathormone which regulates the absorption and use of calcium
- pancreas
- has islands of Langerhans and secretes pancreatic juices
- Islands of Langerhans
- secretes the hormones insulin and glucago
- insulin
- helps the cells to utilize glucose for energy and causes the liver to convert excess glucose in the blood to glycogen
- glucagon
- outeracts insulin increases the blood level of glucose by causing the liver and small intestine to release it (Diabetes- sweet urine)
- adrenal glands
- consists of medulla and cortex
- medulla
- center for breathing and heartbeat
- cortisone (hormone)
- plays role in healthy condition of cartilage
- cortin (hormone)
- controls use of water and salts by cells; affects blood pressure
- Pituitary gland
- secretes many hormones that interact with and control the other ductless glands; "master gland"
-
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
pituitary - produces cortisone
-
growht hormone
pituitary - too much leads to acromegaly- englarged extremities
-
prolactin
pituitary - stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
- hypothalamus
- helps keep homeostasis
- thymus gland
- produces T-cells
- pineal gland
- secretes melatonin; influences sexual maturity in growning children
- Cyclic AMP
- second messanger; cellular transductor
- thyroxin
- controls the rate at which oxidation takes place
- tetany
- lack of parathormone causes it; involuntary muscle contractions
- thigmotropism
- vine shows reaction to contact
- Messages transmitted front neuron to neuron
- exchange of O2 and CO2; change in balance of sodium and potassium along the length of the neuron and heat energy is released
- As things become a habit
- impulses are better, thus, impulses pass w/ less difficulty across many synapses
- relfex arc
- pathway of impulse involved in a reflex
- sciatic nerve
- runs in the leg; largest in the body
- gray matter
- the mass in the center of spinal cord which contains cytons of the neurons
- white matter
- surrounds gray matter; has axons
- meninges
- covere brain with three sets of memebranes- infection results in meningitis
- three main areas of the brain
- cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla
- cerebrum
- two halfs; convolutions (folds), intelligence and though
- cerebellum
- coordinates the movement of the voluntary muscle so that they work together; balance
- peripheral nervous system
- somatic and autonomic nervous system
- somatic nervous system
- transmits impulses between the voluntary, skeletal muscles and the CNS
- autonomic nervous system
- controls internal involuntary functions
- autonomic has...
- ganglia
- ganglia
- on either side of backbone; nerves to spinal cord on one side, and nerves to organs on the other; control involuntary actions
- plexus
- ganglia-ganglia connector
- solar plexus
- located near stomach
- lysozyme
- keep bacteria out of eye
- sclerotic
- outside of eyeball is covered w/ this tough white covering
- cornea
- front of sclerotic coat
- choroid coat
- black tissue that absorbs all the light rays except those on retina; contains a rich supply of blood
- retinal
- comes from vitamin A; activates cones and rods
- eustachian tube
- connects the middle of ear with the throat; helps equalize the air pressure on the inside of teh ear drum with the outside
- semicircular canals
- filled with liquid, give us sense of balance; motion sickess is from here
- pressure receptors in
- skin; back of hand
- cerebral palsy
- people have difficulty in controlling the voluntary muscles
- stroke
- from blood clot or the bursting of a blood vessel in brain
- polio
- paralysis results; virus attacks nerve cells of the brain or spinal cord
- spinal cord
- center of reflex actions that take place without the action of the brain
- cerebrum controls
- intelligence, memory, sensation, voluntay movement; motor areas
- muscular coordination is controlled by
- cerebellum
- cyton
- the cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm. Dendrites spread out from it in all directions.
- visual purple
- light sensitive pigment found in the retina of the eye; requires vitamin A for production
- instinct
- in born activity (spider's web)
- conditioned reflex
- pavlov's doggies
- nicotine results in
- blood vessel constriction, and rise in blood pressure
- narrow blood vessels lead to
- lower temperature, irregular heart beat, higher breathing rate, and delayed digestion
- Pasteur
- bacteriologist, cured pebrine, showed microorganism could cause disease; souring of wine
- Koch
- devised many of our present techniques in culturing, staining, sterilizing and handling bacteria; first to make use of solid culutre medium
- Lister
- used pasteur's discoveries to eliminate the terrible infections that accompanied surgery. antisepic stuff
- basic structure of carbohydrates
- CH2O
- nephron
- excretory unit in kidey
- ligament
- bone-bone connector; makes joints
- tendons
- muscle-bone connector
- urea
- nitrogenous waste formed from breakdown of amino acids in liver
- polysaccharide
- large carbohydrate molecules of repeating C6H1206
- decomposers release
- ammonia
- output of energery in humans (equation)
- (T)(calorie x weight)= output
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- responsible for transport
- smooth/rough ER
-
rough- has ribosomes, in cells that yield more proteins
smooth- no ribosomes; in cells that specialize - ribosomes
- contain RNA and make proteins
- mitochondria
- has own supply of DNA/power house
- lysosomes
- In vacuoles contain digestive enzymes that breakdown large organic molecules and old organelles
- vacuoles
- resevoirs for H20 and dissolved materials
- golgi complex
- concentrates protein from ribosomes. In plant- sends it to cell wall and out of cell
- centrosome
- only in animal cells, has centrioles
- microtubules
- make up cilia, flagella, centrioles and spindle
- microfilaments
- pseudopodia movement
- ameba
- no shape; slow-pseudopods, phagocytosis, food vacuoles, temporary opening to diffuse wastes; moves away from stimuli, cyst
- paramecium
- shape, rapid cilia, oral groove, anal spot, 2 nucleus, tricocysts
- euglena
- flagellum, eyespot; photosyntehsis
- spirogyra
- photosynthesis; pyrenoids, zygospores hard after elongation
- Hardy Weinberg Principle
- gene pool of a population is constant generation to generation if population is large (random matings) and no new factors are shown like mutations and/or migrations
- different people have different (DNA Fingerprinting)
- different sets of neucleotides. relatives have similar set of neucleotide
- child nourishment
- gets through placenta; food/oxygen diffuses from mom to placenta which enters the embryo's blood stream
- as temperature increases (in plants)
- plant activities increase (thus transpiration increases)
- air movement
- removes moisture from the immediate vicinity of stomates therefore increases H2O vapor of transpiration to evaporate
- carbohydrates and lipids contain
- C, H, O
- lymphocytes
- types of white blood cells that help protect the body- include b- and t- cells, formed in the bone marrow
- antigen
- a substance that invades the body, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials
- b-cells
- forms antibodies on antigen's membrane that bind and when it reaches a lymph node, it divides into plasma cells
- memory cells
- type of b-cell which are stimulated by a previous encounter with a particlar antigen long back- provide better protection
- t-cells
- thymus gland; produce b-cells and other t-cells when activated, don't excrete anything, directly attack
- phagocytes
- white blood cells that engulf bacteria that have entered the tissue and the blood stream
- interferon
- protein produced by cells that are attacked by viruses which protects neighboring cells against germs
- Reticuloendothelial system
- clears foreign particles from bloodstream
- active immunity
- measles immunity
- toxoids
- weakens deadly toxins with chemicals
- passive acquired immunity
- doctor puts in stuf to kill stuff; temporary
- quinine
- used to treat malaria
- arsenic compounds
- treat syphilis
- sulfa drugs
- fight bacteria that cause infections; interfere with the metabolism of the bacteria causing them to die
- antibiotics
- stop growth of germs
- penicillin
- first antibiotic, from fungus that that killed fleming's streptoccous
- isoniazids
- fight TB Germs and treat TB
- dwarfism/giantism
- controlled by pituitary gland
- anopheles
- female spreads malaria
- alpha-interferon
- protein that is produced by the body to fight a virus infection
- plasmodium
- type of protozoan spread by bite of infected anopheles mosquito, causes malaria
- tsetse fly
- has the protozoan trypanosome and spreads african sleeping sickness by bite
- sepal
- small, green, leaflike structure that form an outer layer at the base of the petal
- stamen
- contain anther
- pistil
- contains ovary, style, stigma, ovules
- plant fertilization
- pollen grain gets on stigma- all germinate and form a pollen tube- a pollen grain contains 2 nuclei, sperm nuclei and tube nucleus- ovule cell enlarges to embryo sac which has egg nucleus and endosperm nucleus-pollen gets in ovule thru micropyle and sperm nuclei gets to embryo sack- double fertilization takes place- one sperm goes to form fertilized egg and the other unites with endosperm nucleus
- gastrulation
- blastula gows inward
- parts of gastrula/ differentiation
-
Ectoderm- outer layer- epidermis of skin; nervous system
Endoderm- inner layer- alimentary canal
Mesoderm- muscles, organs - viviparous
- embryo develop and are nourished internally
- oviparious
- animals which lay eggs that develop outside of female's body
- ovoviviparous
- eggs in oviduct until they hatch and embryos are nourished by the food in eggs
- parthenogenesis
- eggs develop without sperm
- pancreas produces
- insulin
- synapsis
- when the homologous chromosomes comes together in pairs; exchange parts and crossing over occurs
- polar bodies
- useless egg cells (smaller than main egg)formed by females
- PKU
- condition of feeble-mindedness; lack of enzyme
- transformation
- the change in heredity brouht about by the trasfer of dissolved dna
- messenger rna
- carries the code from dna to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
- transfer rna
- picks up amino acids molecules in the cytoplasm and transfers them to the ribosomes
- ribosomal rna
- located in ribosomes, lines up the amino acids in the sequence dictated by the mrna molecules for the formation of proteins
- transcription
- process of transfering the coded infromation from dna to new strands of mrna
- translation
- mrna to protein
- recominant dna
- dna combined from two different organisms to produce characteristics not ound in nature; uses restriction enzymes
- restriction enzymes
- split dna
- hybridization
- the desirable traits of two or more different animals or plants are combined into one variety
- heterosis aka hybrid vigor
- the increase in such characteristics as size, growth rate, fertility, and yield of a hybrid organism over those of its parents.
- vestigial structure
- worthless; shows ancestors had it and probably used it