Biology Study Cards #2
Terms
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- Asexual Reproduction
- "the creation of new individuals whose genes come from one parent, without the fusion of egg & sperm"
- Sexual Reproduction
- "the creation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote, which is a diploid"
- Asexual Reproduction Types- Fission
- the splitting of a parent into two roughly equal sized offspring (common amoung invertebrates)
- Asexual Reproduction Types- Budding
- a new individual growing from and then splitting off from the parent; can remain attached or can detach (coral or hydra)
- Asexual Reproduction Types- Gemmules
- aggregates of several types of cells that are surrounded by a protective coating in sponges
- Fragmentation and Regeneration
- occurs when an adult is broken into pieces and these prieces grow into new adult organisms
- Asexual Reproduction Advantages
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-organisms are well adapted to an environment and maintain "best combination of traits for the currect situation"
-less of a chance to introduce detrimental traits into a gene pool
-no time to find and compete for mates (saves time and energy and can reproduce in isolation)
-produce large amount of offspring in short amount of time - Asexual Reproduction Environments that it occurs in
- best suited to a stable environment and the "best traits can be copied"
- Sexual Reproduction Advantages/Environment
- -adds more variety to the population as a whole, the population is better situated to survive and prosper in a rapidly changing environment
- Red Queen Hypothesis
- a species must contunually evolve to survive in a world full of other evolving species
- Somatic Cell
- any cell that is not a sex cell
- sex cells
- egg or sperm; contain 23 chromosomes (22 autosomal and 1 sex chromosome)
- Sex Chromosomes for Humans
- Males-XY Females-XX
- Autosome
- all chromosomes that are not X or Y
- Self-Pollination
- fertilizing oneself
- Cross-pollination
- pollen of one flower to stigma of another
- dominant trait
- the trait that remained/expressed trait
- recessive trait
- the trait that was not expressed in the F1 generation
- Allele
- each copy of a factor or gene
- Diploid
- all somatic cells are diploids meaning that they have a full set of 46 chromosomes (2n)
- Haploid
- all sex cells are haploid meaning that they have a half set of 23 chromosomes (1n)
- Fertilization
- the fusion of two gametes after sexual intercourse (sperm and ovum)
- Name of Fertilized diploid egg
- Zygote
- Genetics
- the study of heredity
- heredity
- the transmission of traits from one generation to another
- gene
- a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleic sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses)
- Locus
- a gene's specific location on a chromosome
- Homologous chromosomes
- alike chromosomes carrying genes for the same heritable characteristics
- Centromere
- the joining point of two sister chromatids
- telomere
- protective structure at end of chromosome (protects DNA when copied)
- sister chromatids
- replicated forms of a chromosome jointed together by the centromere eventually separated by mitosis or meiosis 2
- character
- a feature that can be inherited by offspring from a parent
- trait
- a variation of a character
- Mendel's Laws- Law of Segregation
- Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization
- Mendel's Laws- Law of Dominance
- in a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form will appear in the next generation
- Mendel's Laws- Law of Independent Assortment
- "Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another" Traits can be independent from other traits
- expressed traits
- the phenotype, what is seen
- Incomplete Dominance
- A blending of characters. No dominant or recessive traits.
- Hardy-Weinberg equation
- p^2+2pq+q^2=1
- Artificial Selection
- Human modification of species