Cohen Med Term 3
Terms
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- apex
- point of the heart
- endocardium
- a thin membrane that lines the chambers and valves
- myocardium
- the thick muscle layer that makes up most of the heart wall
- epicardium
- a thin membrane that covers the heart
- pericardium
- a fibrous sac that contains the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures such as the sternum and diaphragm
- atrium
- upper receiving chambers of the heart
- ventricle
- lower pumping chambers of the heart
- pulmonary circuit
- the right side of the heart pumps blood to be oxygenated and then it goes back to the left side of the heart
- systemic circuit
- the left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body and back to the right side of the heart
- superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
- brings blood to the right atrium
- aorta
- artery leading from the left ventricle
- atrioventricular valve
- valve between the atrium and ventricle
- right AV valve
- tricuspid valve
- left AV valve
- bicuspid valve or mitral valve
- semilunar valves
- valves leading into the pulmonary artery and the aorta
- functional murmur
- any sound made as the heart functions normally
- systole
- contraction of the heart
- diastole
- relaxation phase of the heart during which chambers fill
- sinoatrial node
- located in the upper right atrium and called the pacemaker because it sets the rate of the heartbeat
- atrioventricular node
- located at the bottom of the right atrium near the ventricle
- AV bundle
- "bundle of His" at the top of the interventricular septum
- bundle branches
- travel along the left and right sides of the septum
- Purkinje fibers
- carry stimulation throughout the walls of the ventricles
- sinus rhythm
- normal heart rhythm which originates in the SA node
- arteries
- carry blood away from the heart
- arterioles
- vessels smaller than arteries that lead into the capillaries
- capillaries
- the smallest vessels, through which exchanges take place between the blood and tissues
- venules
- small vessels that receive blood from the capillaries and drain into the veins
- veins
- carry blood back to the heart
- electrocardiography
- study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes paced on the surface of the body also abbreviated EKG
- ventricul/o
- cavity, ventricle
- angi/o
- vessel
- arteriol/o
- arteriole
- aort/o
- aorta
- phleb/o
- vein
- atherosclerosis
- accumulation of fatty deposits w/i the lining of an artery
- plaque
- fatty deposit
- aneurysm
- a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
- angina pectoris
- a feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exerton; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart
- arrhythmia
- any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
- cerebrovascular accident
- sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow; multiple causes; commonly called a stroke
- clubbing
- enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails; a symtom of diseases that cause poor peripheral circulation
- coarctation of the aorta
- localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow
- deep vein thrombosis
- thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
- diaphoresis
- profuse sweating
- dissecting aneurysm
- an aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers; usually involves the aorta
- dyslipidemia
- disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis; includes hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia
- dyspnea
- difficult or labored breathing
- edema
- swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid
- embolism
- obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation
- embolus
- a mass carried in the circulation; usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria or other solid matter from within or from outside the body
- fibrillation
- spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers as in the atria or the ventricles
- heart blockmia
- an interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia
- heart failure
- a condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of the blood
- hemorrhoid
- a varicose vein in the rectum
- hypertension
- a condition of heigher-than-normal blood pressure; essential (idiopathic)hypertension has no known cause
- infarct
- an area of localized necrosis of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
- ischemia
- local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation
- murmur
- an abnormal heart sound
- myocardial infaction
- localized necrosis of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area; usually caused by a thrombus
- occlusion
- a closing off or obstruction as of a vessel
- patent ductus arterious
- persistence of the ductus
- patent ductus arteriousus
- persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth; the ductus arteriousus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
- phlebitis
- inflammation of a vein
- rheumatic heart disease
- damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus; the antibodies produced in response to the infection produce scarring of the valves, usually the mitral valve
- septal defect
- an opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale: an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
- shock
- circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues; cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; septic shock is caused by bacterial infection
- stenosis
- constriction or narrowing of an opening
- syncope
- a temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
- thrombophlebitis
- inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot
- thrombosis
- development of a blood clot within a vessel
- thrombus
- a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel
- varicose vein
- a twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel; also called varix or varicosity
- angioplasty
- a procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow; commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open
- cardioversion
- correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm; may be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current
- coronary angiography
- radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
- creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
- enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction; serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage
- defibrillation
- use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart
- echocariography (ECG)
- a noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
- percutaneous trasluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
- dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
- arteriosclerosis
- hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits, deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue
- ablation
- destruction of a portion of the conduction pathway that is involved in the arrhythmia; electrode catheter ablation (ECA) uses high-frequency sound waves, freezing, or electrical energy delivered through an intravascular catheter to ablate a defect in the conduction pathway
- appendix
- a small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine
- lymph
- the thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels
- lymph node
- a small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
- lymphatic system
- the system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream; this system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract
- Peyer patches
- aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine
- right lymphatic duct
- the lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body
- spleen
- a large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen; it filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
- thoracic duct
- the lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower portion of the body
- thymus gland
- a gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum; it functions in immunity
- tonsils
- small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat
- lymph/o
- lymph, lymphatic system
- lymphaden/o
- lymph node
- lymphangi/o
- lymphatic vessel
- splen/o
- spleen
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- tonsill/o
- tonsil
- lymphadenitis
- inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection
- lymphangiitis
- inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection; appears as painful red streaks under the skin
- lymphedema
- swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or exclusion of lymphatic vessels
- lymphoma
- any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue
- apical pulse
- pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart; it is measured in the fifth left intercoastal space about 8-9 in from the midline
- cardiac output
- the amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute
- Korotkoff sounds
- arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff
- perfusion
- the passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue
- precordium
- the anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax; adjective: precordial
- pulse pressure
- the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
- stroke volume
- the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
- Valsalva maneuver
- bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed; this action has an effect on the cardiovascular system
- bruit
- an abnormal sound heard in auscultation
- cardiac tamponade
- pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac; may result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels
- ectopic beat
- a heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node
- extrasystole
- premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node
- flutter
- very rapid (200-300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or ventricles
- hypotension
- a condition of lower than normal blood pressure
- intermittent claudication
- pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply; the pain disappears with rest
- mitral valve prolapse
- movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract
- occlusive vascular disease
- arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels
- palpitation
- a sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat
- pitting edema
- edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin
- polyarteritis nodosa
- potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries; symptoms depend on the organ affected
- Raynaud disease
- a disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold
- regurgitation
- a backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve
- stasis
- stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine; blood stasis may lead to dermatitis and ulcer formation
- subacute bacterial endocarditis
- growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever
- tetralogy of Fallot
- a combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy
- thromboangiitis obliterans
- inflammation and thrombus formation resulting occlusions of small vessels, especially in the legs; most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking; thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet; patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco; also called Buerger disease
- vegetation
- irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)
- a cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduciton pathway
- cardiac catheterization
- passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure
- central venous pressure (CVP)
- pressure in the superior vena cava
- cineangiocardiography
- the photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion-picture techniques
- Doppler echocardiography
- an imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow
- heart scan
- imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope
- homocysteine
- an amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
- phlebotomist
- technician who specializes in drawing blood
- phonocardiography
- electronic recording of heart sounds
- plethysmography
- measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it; impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
- pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
- pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery; it is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium
- Swan-Ganz catheter
- a cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure; it is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery
- transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
- use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart
- ventriculography
- X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
- atherectomy
- removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel; may be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel
- commissurotomy
- surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening
- embolectomy
- surgical removal of an embolus
- intraaortic balloon pump
- a mechanical-assist device that constists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted throgh the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta; it inflates during distole to improve coronary circulation and delfates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart
- left ventricular assist device
- a pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit; these devgices are used to assist patients awaitng heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure
- angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
- a drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure
- angiotensin II receptor antagonist
- a drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II
- antiarrhythmic agent
- a drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat
- beta-adrenergic blocking agent
- drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions
- calcium-channel blocker
- drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells
- digitalis
- a drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions
- diuretic
- drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the output of urine by the kidneys; lowered blood volume decreases the workload of the heart
- hypolipidemic agent
- drug that lowers serum cholesterol
- lidocaine
- a local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias
- nitroglycerin
- a drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels
- statins
- drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood; the drug names end with -statin
- streptokinase
- an enzyme used to dissolve blood clots
- tissue plasminogen activator
- a drug used to dissolve blood clots; it activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots
- vasodilator
- a drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow
- thrombocytes
- aka platelets, are part of megakaryocytes
- agranulocytes
- white blood cells that do not have visible granules in their cytoplasm; this category includes lymphocytes and monocytes
- antigen
- a substance that induces the formation of an antibody
- B cell
- a lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies
- band cell
- an immature neutrophil w/ a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell; band-cell counts are used to trace infections and other diseases
- basophil
- a granular leukocyte that stains w/ basic dyes; active in allergic reactions
- coagulation
- blood clotting
- eosinophil
- a granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
- erythropoietin
- a hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red-blood-cell production in the bone marrow; this hormone is now made by genetic engineering for clinical use
- fibrin
- the protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
- fibrinogen
- the inactive precursor of fibrin
- granulocytes
- white blood cells that have visible granules in their cytoplasm; include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
- hemoglobin
- the iron containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
- hemostasis
- stoppage of bleeding
- immunity
- the state of being protected against specific diseases
- immunoglobulin
- an antibody; fall into 5 classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
- lymphocyte
- an agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue
- megakaryocyte
- a large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
- macrophage
- a phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located w/i tissues; they process antigens for T cells
- monocyte
- an agranular phagocytic leukocyte
- neutrophil
- a granular leukocyte that stains wiht acidic or basic dyes; the most numerous of the white blood cells; a type of phagocyte
- plasma cell
- a mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
- serum
- the fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma w/o its clotting factors
- T cell
- a lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly
- -emia
- condition of blood
- -hemia
- condition of blood
- -penia
- decrease in, deficiency of
- -poiesis
- formation, production
- -cytosis
- excess number of cells
- -philia
- excess number of cells
- myel/o
- bone marrow
- hem/o
- blood
- hemat/o
- blood
- thromb/o
- blood clot
- thrombocyt/o
- platelet, thrombocyte
- azot/o
- nitrogenous compounds
- calc/i
- calcium
- ferr/o
- iron
- sider/o
- iron
- kali
- potassium
- natri
- sodium
- ox/y
- oxygen
- differential count
- relative percentage of the different types of leukocytes
- hematocrit
- relative percentage of packed red cells in a given volume of blood
- anemia
- a deficieny in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
- angloedema
- a localized edema w/ large hives similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
- aplastic anemia
- anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in defiecient blood-cell production, especially of red cells
- Cooley anemia
- a form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) in which the B chain of hemoglobin is abnormal
- delayed hypersensitivity reaction
- an allergic reation involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop
- disseminated intravascular coagulation
- widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
- ecchymosis
- a collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels
- chym/o
- juice
- hemophilia
- a hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding
- Hodgkin disease
- a neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
- leukemia
- malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow or lymphoid tissue
- lymphadenopathy
- any disease of the lymph nodes
- non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- a widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes; it differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent
- pernicious anemia
- anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12; this vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes
- petechiae
- pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding w/i the skin or mucous membrane
- purpura
- a condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues
- sideroblastic anemia
- anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manuvacture hemoglobin; the excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)
- Sjogren syndrome
- an autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of excocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids; deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- inflammatory disease of connective tissue affecting the skin and multiple organs; patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
- thalassemia
- a group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent
- thrombocytopenia
- a deficiency of thrombocytes in the blood
- utricaria
- a skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions with itching (hives)
- epinephrine
- a powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system; activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress; used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock; also called adrenaline
- reticulocyte counts
- blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation
- Reed-Sternberg cells
- giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease; they usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
- bilirubin
- a pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin; it is eliminated by the liver in bile
- heparin
- a substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant
- plasmin
- an enzyme that dissolves clots
- thrombin
- the enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
- agranulocytosis
- a condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood
- hematoma
- a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel
- hemolytic disease of the newborn
- disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor; an Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus; the problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen
- hemosiderosis
- a condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment mainly in the liver and the spleen; the pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells
- myelodysplastic syndrome
- bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets; preleukemia
- myelofibrosis
- condition in which bone marrow is replaced w/ fibrous tissue
- neutropenia
- a decrease in the number of neutrophils w/ increased susceptibility to infection
- polycythemia
- any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood; may result from excessive production of red cells b/c of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms or poisoning; apparent polycythemia results form concentration of the blood, as by dehydration
- polycythemia vein
- a condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells; these interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage; treated by blood removal