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- red bone marroe in long bones >
-
1-RBC
2-WBC
3-platelets - hemocytoblasts
- Red bone marrow precursor cells
- hemocytoblasts >
- formed elements
- megakaryocytes >
- platelets
- red bone marrow in
- cancellous/spongy bone
- yellow bone marrow
- fat storage
- platelets role
- hemostasis
- granulocytes
-
neb
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil - agranulocytes
-
monocytes
lymphocytes - hematocrit
-
45% in males
proportion of erythrocytes - least abundant leukocytes
- basophils
- blood =
-
- 8% of body weight
- 4-6 L -
LEUKOCYTES:
neutrophils - 70%
-
LEUKOCYTES:
lymphocytes - 30%
-
LEUKOCYTES:
monocytes - 2-6%
- plasma %
- 55% of volume
- formed elements volume
- 45% of volume
- % of H2O in plasma
- 90%
- portion of blood not plasma
- formed elements
- formed elements =
-
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets - serum =
-
blood plasma -
fibrinogen - portion of plasma that is protein
- 7%
- proteins in plasma =
-
albumin 55%
globulin 38%
fibrinogen 7% - cytoplasmic fragments of cells =
- platelets
- platelet life span
- 5-9 days
- megakaryocytes > platelets
- thrombopoietin
- secretory vesicles are located in
- platelets
- directly promotes platelet aggregation
- thromboxane A
- platelets adhere to collagen and release
- ADP
- increased RBC
- polycythemia vera
- opposite anemia
- polycythemia vera
-
erythrocytosis
leukocytosis
thrombocytosis
splenomegaly - polycythemia vera
- decrease in erythropoietin
- polycythemia vera
-
chronic hypoxia
high altitudes
heavy smoking
adult polycystic kidney - secondary polycythemia
- high altitudes
- osker dx
- fibrous tissue replace precursor cells that make RBC in bone marrow
- myelofibrosis
-
cancerous
abnormal granulocyte - CML
- myeloid stem cells>
- produce blood cells
-
increase in basophils
serum uric acid
splenomegaly - myeloproliferative
- myeloid stem cells dev and reproduce abnormally
- myeloproliferative
- pernicious anemia
- lack of intrinsic factor
-
abnormal hemoglobin
low levels of erthyrocytes - thalassemia
- imbalance in production of 1/4 chains in AA that make up hemoglobin
- thalassemia
- inhibition/destruction of red bone marrow
- aplastic anemia
-
radiation
toxins
meds > - aplastic anemia
- inadequate production of erythrocytes
- aplastic anemia
- megaloblastic anemia
- pernicious anemia
- prone gastric carcinoma
- pernicious anemia
-
-obstructive venous return
-increased back pressure from CHF - passive congestion
- localized arteriolar dilation
- active congestion
-
blushing
inflammation - active congestion
- passive congestion 2 forms
-
acute
chronic - acute>
-
shock
right sided heart - chronic>
-
lung=left sided heart
liver=right sided heart - wear out HTN
- cardiac failure
- blow out HTN
- cerbrovascular accident
- run out HTN
- renal failure
-
ABCDE
secondary HTN -
A-
B
C
D
E - common cause of secondary HTN
- kidney disease
-
HTN
no identifiable cause
90-95% - essential HTN
- increased RBC destruction
- hemolytic anemia
-
erythroblastosis fetalis
sicle cell anemia
thalasemias
hereditary sperocytosis - hemolytic anemia
- circulating RBC greater than normal
- macrocytic anemia
-
chronic blood loss
nutritional anemia - microcytic anemia
-
def of folic acid
def of vit B12 - macrocytic anemia
-
def B12
def folic acid - megaloblastic anemia
- oral anticoagulant
- dicumarol
- dicumarol
-
interferes with
vit k - inhibits formation of prothrombin in liver
- dicumarol
- dicumarol=
- warfarin
- delay clotting of blood
- warfarin
- delayed blood clotting
-
-heparin
-leukemia
-cirrhosis
thrombocytopenia= decreasedplatelets
-von willebrand
-aspirin
-bernard soulier dx - platelet adhesion disorder
- bernard soulier
- cylooxygenase inhibitor
- aspirin
- impaired platelet adhesion
- von willebrand dx
- prothrombin
- made/stored in liver
- antithrombin
- heparin
-
erythroblastosis fetalis
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia - hemolytic anemia
- increase of bilirubin
- hemolytic anemia
- released from dying RBC
- bilirubin
-
accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin
in brain and spinal cord - kernicterus
-
low platelet count of blood
thrombosis in terminal arterioles -
TTP
thrombotic
thrombocytopenic
purpuraq - reduced # platlets
- thrombocytopenia
- most common bleeding disorders
- thrombocytopenia
- arteriosclerosis
-
aorta
coronary arteries - hardening of arteries
- arteriosclerosis
-
consequences of
atherosclorosis -
ischemic heart disease
stroke
aneurysm - coronary artery dx=
- ischemic heart dx
- degenerative changes in walls of arteries
- atherosclerosis
- hepatocellular damage
- carbon tetrachloride
- renal tubular necrosis
- mercury chloride
- blindness
- methyl alcohol
- basophilic stippling of RBC
- lead
-
cherry red discoloration of
skin
mucosa
tissue - acute carbon monoxide
-
generalized swelling
edema - anasarca
- excess fluid in peritoneal cavity
- ascites
-
noninflammatory edema fluid
due to
altered
-intravacular hydrostatic or osmotic pressure - transudate
-
result of inflammation>
edema from increased vascular permeability - exudate
- peripheral edemA
- right sided CHF
- pulmonary edema=
- left sided CHF
-
finger against swollen area (5 sec)
then indentaion is left that fills slowly - pitting edema
-
finger against swollen area (5 sec)
no indentation is left - nonpitting edema
-
blood clot inside
-BV
-cavity of heart - thrombus
- blood clot that moves thru bloodstream until it lodges
- embolus
-
develops in
is attached to BV wall - embolus
- common source of pulmonary embolism>
- thrombophelebitis
- inflammation of vein
- phlebitis
- accumulatin of excessive blood within BV
- congestion
- not getting enough blood flow>
- shock
- shock that results from injury to CNS
- neurogenic
- shock that occurs with severe allergic rxn
- anaohylactic
- main factor in all types of shock
- reduced cardiac output
- contributor to arterial thrombosis
- atherosclerosis
- thrombus composed of blood platelets
- white thrombus
- formed by coagulation of stagnatig blood
- red thrombus
-
thrombus composed of RBC
not platelets - red thrombus
- doesnt occlude vessel
- fibrin thrombus
- damage of ventricular endocardium
- mural thrombosis
- MI>left ventricle
- mural thrombosis
-
heart failure
extensive tissue damage
bed rest
pregnancy
oral contraceptives
age
obesity - venous thrombosis
- formed by enchanced endo injury
- thrombus
- alteration in blood flow
- thrombus
- hypercoagulability
- thrombus
- alternating red and white laminations
-
lines of zahn=
arterial thrombus - unifomly red
- venous thrombi
- progressive stage of shock
- progressive stage
- advanced stage of shock>
- excess acid produced
-
increased HR
increased periph resistance - non progressive stage
- metabolic acidosis
- progressive stage
- compensatory mxns no longer adequate
- progressive stage
-
organ damage
survival not possible - irreversible
- occurs after large MI
- cardiac tamponade
- most serious complication of pericarditis
- cardiac tamponade
- inflammation causes fluid /blood products into pericardial space
- acute pericarditis
-
postinflamm thickening/scarring of pericardium>
constriction of cardiac chambers - constrictive pericarditis
- caused by TB
- constricive pericarditis
-
aortic rupture in pericardial sac
>
fatal cardiac tamponade - dissecting aneurysm
- heart cant pump
- CHF
- chronic long term condition
- heart failure
- left ventricle fails 1st
- heart failure
-
systemic venous congestion
periph edema - right sided CHF
- earliest /common signs of CHF
- paroxysamal nocturnal dyspnea
- swollen edema
- peripheral edema -CHF
- life complication of left heart CHF=
- pulmonary edema