Biol 045 Exam 2

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) (where? function? cause?): Neurohypophysis- peptide
*dehydration
-Reabsorption of H20 from urine to blood
Oxytocin (where? function[2]? cause[2]?): Neurohypophysis- peptide
*stretching of cervix
-uterine contraction
*suckling
-milk let-down
GH (Growth Hormone= Somatotropin) (where? Function(3 steps)Cause?): Adenohypophysis - protein
*Metabloic Imbalance
-1. GHRH; somatostatin, inhibits glucose use
-2. GH
-3. Somatomedins (in liver) stimulates fat use

Protein Synthesis
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone=Throtropin) (where? Function(3 steps)Cause?): Adenohypophysis- glycoprotein
* low body temperature
-1.TRH
-2.TSH
-3.Throxine (Thyroid)

Increases BMR (basal metabolic rate)
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone= Corticotropin) (where? Function(3 steps)Cause?): Adenohypophysis- peptide
*Stress
-1.CRH
-2.ACTH
-3.Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

Metabolic Adjustment to Stress
Prolactin (where? Function(3 steps)Cause?): Adenohypophysis- protein
*Suckling
-1.PRH, PIH
-2.Prolactin
-3.Unknown

Milk Production
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) (where? Function(3 steps)Cause? Outcome? 2 possible): Adenohypophysis- Glycoprotein
*Puberty
-1.GnRP
-2.FSH
-3.Estrogen (female)
Male (no counterpart)

Ovarian Follicle Development (female)
Spermatogenesis (male)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) (where? Function(3 steps)Cause? Outcome? 2 possible): Adenohypophysis- Glycoprotein
*Puberty
-1.GnRH
-2.LH
-3.Estrogen (females)
Testoterone (Males)

Corpus Luteum Development (females)
Testoterone Secretion (males)
Thyroxine (where? Function(3 steps)Causes(2)? Outcomes(3)?): Thyroid-
Derivative of Tyrosine and iodine, gene activation
*Low Body Temperature
*Pregnancy
-1. TRH
-2. TSH
-3. Thyroxine

Activates Genes for metabolic enzymes, increases BMR

Increases ATP synthesis by mitochondria

necessary for proper development of skeleton muscles and nervous system
Calcitonin (C Cells) (where? Function Cause? Outcome?): Thyroid- Peptide
*High blood Ca2+

Decreases blood Ca2+by stimulating osteoblasts.
PTH (where? Function Cause? Outcome?): Parathyroid- Protein
*Low Blood Ca2+

Increases blood Ca2+ by stimulating osteoclasts.
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine (adrenalin) 70%
Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 30%
-derivatives of Tyrosine

*Sympathetic Stimulation

Enhance Sympathetic Efftects
Aldosterone (where? Function? Cause[2]? Outcome[2]?): Adrenal Cortex- mineralocorticoid
Steroid
*High blood K+ (and/or)
*Activated Angiotensin

Active Secretion of K+ from urine to blood
Active reabsorption of Na from urine to blood
Corisol (where? Function(3 steps)Cause? Outcome[4]?): Adrenal Cortex- glucocorticoid
Steroid

*stress
-1.CRH
-2.ACTH
-3.Cortisol

decreases protein synthesis
increases fat use
decrease glucose use
gluconeogenesis
Insulin (B Cells) (where? Function? Cause[3]? Outcome[2]?): Pancreas - Protein
*parasympathetic stimulation
*high blood glucose
*high blood amino acids

Stimulates cellular uptake of glucose
Stimulates Protein Synthesis
Glucagon (A Cells) (where? Function? Cause[2]? Outcome?): Pancreas- Peptide
*Sympathetic Stimulation
*Low Blood Glucose

Increases blood glucose by glycogenolysis
Properties of Blood (4): 1. Transport
2. pH Balance (7.35-7.45)
3. Hemostasis
4. Immunity
Leucocytes (WBC) types (2): 1.Granulocytes
2.Agranulocytes
Granulocytes types (3) (percentage of WBCs)(with function) Develop Where: 1. Neutrophils (60-70% WBCs)
-phagocytosis
2. Eosinophils (2-3%)
-phagocytize precipitated antigens
3. Basophils (<1% WBCs)
-form mast cells (responsible for inflamation)

Red Bone Marrow
Agranulocytes types (2) (percentage of WBCs)(with function)(develop where?): 1. Monocytes (4-5% WBCs)
-form macrophages, phagocytosis, detect infections
2.Lymphocytes (20-30%)
-Immune Response

Develop in lymphoidal Tissue
Stages of Hemostasis (3): 1. vascular phase-substances release from cut blood vessels to clampl shut vessel
2. platelet phase- stick to collagen on walls in vessel to form platelet plug
3. Coagulation -clotting,damaged cells release
Hemocytoblast: All blood cells develop from this stem cell
RBC Production- cause? where? hormone?: 1. Kidneys detect low O2 in blood
2. Kidneys Secrete erythropoietin, which causes stem cells to develop into RBCs
RBC Development (where/when): Hemocytoblast, stem cell

Yolk Membrane
Liver (month 2)
Red Bone Marrow (Month 5)
Plasma (what is it, contains?, what proteins): Liquid Portion of Blood
90% H20
Conataining NA Cl HCO3 K Ca ions

Proteins
-Albumin
(protein reserve, colloid osmotic pressure)
-Globulin (multiple types)
Types of Globulins (3): 1. Alpha and Beta (colloid osmotic pressure,steroid hormone transport)
2. Gamma (antibodies)
3. Fibrinogen (Clotting)
Overall Elements of blood: -Erythrocytes(RBCs)(40-46% blood volume)
-Thrombocytes (Platelets) from megakaryocytes
-Leucocytes (WBCs)
Inflamation: Mast cell secrete histamine
1.Vasodilation
2. Increased Capillary Permeability
Immunity (Macrophages Role In): -Phagocytosis
-Detect and Present Antigens
-Activate Helper T-Cells
-Stimulate Activated Helper T-Cells
Immunity (B-lymphocyte's role in): -bind to free antigens secrete antibodies
-activate complement IL4-6
Immunity (Helper T-Lymphocyte's Role in): -Activate B-cells
-stimulate activated B-cells
-stimulate activated cytotoxic T-cells
Immunity (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte's Role in): -Identify infected cells by contact
-secrete cytokines (lymphokines)
Steps in Complement of B-lympocyte to antigen (5): 1. Lysis of bacterium
2. Complement Cascade
3. Chemotaxis
4. Inflammation
5. Opsonization
HIV effect on immunity: Knocks out helper T-lymphocytes
Prosencephalon (Division 2): 1. Telecephalon
2. Diencephalon
Telecephalon structures 3.: 1. Olfactory Tracts
2. Basal Nuclei (reg. posture and balance unconciously)
3. Cerebrum-control all higher functions
Diencephalon Structures 3: 1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
Epithalamus function: melatonin/ diurnal cycles
Thalamus function 3: 1.All sensory information comes through thalamus except smell
2. Crude Sensation
3. Motor Connections
Hypothalamus Functions 5: 1. Controls Autonomic Nervous System
2. Controls Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
3. Regulates body temperature
4. Regulates eating and drinking
5. Emotional States limbic system
Mesencephalon functions 2: (midbrain)
pupil reflex
eye tracking
Rhombencephalon Divisions 2: 1. Metencephalon
2. Myelencephalon
Metencephalon structures 2: 1. Pons (pneumotavic center and apneustic center) breathing
2. Cerebellum- fine moter detail control.
Myelencephalon Structure and its purposes 5: Medulla Oblongata
1. Cardiac Center
2. Vasomotor Center (blood vessels
3. Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers (breathing)
4. Fixed motor patterns (i.e. sneezing swallowing)
5. Reticular Activating system-sleeping and waking
Sensory Spinal Tracts types (3) and characteristics: Ascending
1. Medial Lemniscal Tracts
-fine touch, proprioception
-well myelinated
-crosses over in medulla
2. Spinothalamic Tracts
-crude touch, pressure, pain hot cold
-less well myelinated
-crosses over in spinal cord
3. Spinocerebellar Tracts
-Unconcious Proioception (only lower limbs)
-Well Myelinated
-Some Crossover in Spinal Cord
-Some Do Not Cross Over
Motor Spinal Tracts types and characteristics: Descending
1. Pyramidal
-Upper motor neurons in motor and premotor areas
-cross over in medulla (cranial nerve)or spinal cord (spinal nerve)
-fine coordination, concious movement
-damage= flaccid paralysis
2.Extrapyramidal
-Upper motor neurons in midbrain, medulla, reticular formation
-most crossover in midbrain some do not crossover
-posture balace unconcious movement, eye tracking
-damage = spastic paralysis
Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
Cerebellum < Olfactor Epithelium (Smell)
Nerve II: Optic Nerve
diencephalon< retina (vision)
Nerve III: Oculomotor
Midbrain<(Proprioception)
>inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus
Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve
Midbrain <(propriocption)
>superior oblique
Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve
Pons < Skin of face and scalp nasal and oral mucosa, teeth
>chewing muscles
Nerve VI: Abucens
Pons < Proprioception
>lateral rectus
Nerve VII: Facial
Pons<Anterior 2/3 of tongue
>Facial Muscles submandibular and sublingual salivary gland lacrimal glands
Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear
Pons< Cochlea (Hearing)Vestibular apparatus
Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
Medulla<Posterior 1/3 of tongue carotid sinus (blood pressure
>tongue, pharynx, parotid salivary glands
Nerve X: Vagus
Medulla< Pharynx and Larynx
>Pharynx and Larynx.
80% of parasympathetic ANS motor axons
Nerve XI: Accessory
Medulla C1-C4< proprioception
>sternocliedomastiod, trapezius
Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
Medulla C1-C3< proprioception
>intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
Spinal Nerve Pairs: 31 Total:
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
Dermatones: Strip or band of skin that sends sensory informatoin to a pair of spinal nerves
Plexuses 4: 1. Cervical-C1-C4 neck shoulders phrenic nerve to diaphragm
2. Brachial-C5-C8 T1 upper limbs
3. Lumbar-L1-L4 Abdomen andterior sides of lower limbs
4. Sacral- L4,L5, S1-S4 lower back posterior sides of lower limbs.
Division of the Autonomic Nervous System: 1.Sympathetic (fight, flight or fright)-energy expending
2. Parasympathetic (homeostasis, usually dominant)
Energy Conserving
Individual Difference between sympathetic ANS and parasympathetic ANS: See sheet 6 of the notes
Transducers Chagne Energy from one form to another: mechanoreceptors- hearing
chemoreceptors- taste smell
photoreceptors- vision
Characteristics of Rods: 1. Dim Light
2. black and white
3. low acuity
4. more in perpherial

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 65