Clin Path Hematology

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What are some functions of the blood?: Carries supplies:
-O2 to RBC
-Glucose
-H20
-electrolytes
-proteins
carries waste:
-CO2
-nitrogenous
What is the anticoagulent preferred for use in cats and dogs?: EDTA
What values are in a CBC?: -PCV/TP
-Cell Counts (RBC,WBC,platelets)
-WBC Diff
-hemoglobin
-reticulocyte count
What are the 3 components of the PCV?: 1. RBC at bottom (highest SG)
2. Buffy coat (WBC)
3. Serum plasma on top
What does the RBC mass indicate in a PCV?: body's ability to move O2
If the buffy coat is wider than 1% what does this indicate?: infection
TP measures?: amount of protein in the plasma
What features of the cell do we look at?: -size
-nucleus
-cytoplasm
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?: 1. Neutrophil
2. Lymphocyte
3. Monocyte
4. Eosinophil
5. Basophil
What is an increase in number of neutrophils called?: Neutrophilia
What does lymphocytosis indicate?: increase in number of lymphocytes
What is a decrease in total WBC count called?: Leukopenia
What is the function of RBC's?: carry hemoglobin (O2)
What produces the RBC's?: bone marrow
What are some reasons for RBC production decrease?: -diseased kidneys
-body does not detect blood loss
-bone marrow quits
What Dx lab tests indicate anemia?: -decreased circulating RBC's
-decreased PCV
-decreased HgB (hemoglobin)
In regenerative anemia how does the bone marrow react?: responds by increasing RBC production
In non-regenerative anemia how does the bone marrow react?: bone marrow does not respond
Reticulocytes are released in what type of anemia?: Regenerative Anemia
What is MCV?: Mean Corpuscular Volume
What does normocytic mean?: Normal size cell
If the cells are normocytic in anemia what does this indicate?: chronic disease
What does microcytic mean?: small size cells
What does microcytic cells indicated in anemia?: iron deficiency
What is macrocytic mean?: large size cells
What does macrocytic cells incidate in anemia?: Reticulocytosis
When normal HgB concentration is reached what happens to RBC's?: They stop dividing
With some anemia why do RBC's continue to divide?: the concentration of HgB is to low
What is hypochromic?: -decreased HgB
What is normochromic?: normal HgB
What is increased HgB called?: Hyperchromic
What is the most common type of anemia (90%)?: macrocytic, hypochromic anemia
What is MCH?: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
What does MCH measure?: mean wt of HgB in average RBC
What is MCHC?: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
What are Reticulocytes?: immature RBC
What color do Reticulocytes stain?: blue
Reticulocytes contain?: ribosomes, mRNA
What does a reticulocyte count indicate?: -anemia
-bone marrow response
Cats have what two types of reticulocyte forms?: -Aggregate form
-Punctate form
Aggregate reticulocytes become punctuate form when?: they mature
Aggregate reticulocytes represent?: what has just been released from the bone marrow
Aggregate form looks like?: large clumps
cell bluish
Punctate form looks like?: 2-8 small granules
cell not bluish
What type of cell arrangement is Rouleaux?: stacks of cells
What increases with a Rouleaux cell arrangement?: fibrinogen and globulin
What type of cell arrangement has clumps of cells?: Agglutination
Agglutination is seen with what type of disease?: immune mediated disease
Anisocytosis means?: variation in size
Abnormally shaped cells is called?: Poikilocytosis
Schizocytes are?: RBC fragments
What are some reasons for schizocytes?: -DIC
-Neoplasia
-Iron deficiency
Acanthocytes are?: -"spur cells"
-irregular spicules coming off RBC
-few, unevenly distributed
What causes acanthocytes?: change in membrane cholestrol
Echinocytes are?: -"burr cells"
-regular short spicules
-more numerous
What causes echinocytes?: Crenation - artifact of slow drying
Dogs - renal disease, lymphosacroma, rattlesnake venom
Describe a Spherocyte?: -loss of biconcave disk
-little or no central pallor
-decreased cell membrane
What causes spherocytes?: immune mediated disease
Describe a Leptocyte?: -thin, increased cell membrane
-traget cells - look like bulls eye
Describe a Stomatocyte?: -rare
-inherited
-looks like human mouth
What are the red cell inclusions?: -Basophilic stippling
-Howell-Jolly Bodies
-Nucleated RBC
-Heinz Bodies
What caused Basophilic stippling?: lead posioning
What is a Howell Jolly Body?: -nuclear remnant
-Basophilic
Nucleated RBC's are?: -immature RBC
-precursor to mature RBC
-normally resides in bone marrow
What are Heinz Bodies?: Denatured hemoglobin
What blood parasite causes feline infectious anemia?: Hemobartenella
Leukocytosis is?: elevated TWBC
(usually Neutrophils)
What is the number one reason for an elevated WBC?: Infection
What is a stress leukogram?: physiological response to stress that shows elevated TWBC
What is present in a stress leukogram?: -neutrophilia
-lymphopenia
-esinopenia
-monocytosis
Leukopenia is?: Decreased TWBC
What causes leukopenia?: -inflammation
-bone marrow disease
What are neutrophils?: phagocytes
What is the function of a neutrophil?: to consume pathogens
What is the function of a Lymphocyte?: Immunity
(B and T cells)
What are the B cells responsible for?: antibodies
What are the T cells responsible for?: cellular immunity
What are monocytes?: immature macrophages
What is the function of Eosinophils?: -Parasiticidal
-Allergies
-Inflammation
Band neutrophils are?: immature neutrophils
Band neutrophils indicate?: large infection
What does a "left shift" refer to?: shift to immature cells
What is the number one job of platelets?: hemostasis
Platelets is the body's indicator to?: clot blood
What are the measures of total protein?: -Albumin
-Globulin
-Fibrinogen
What is the function of Albumin?: -blood pressure
-keeps fluid in vessels
-shuttles different things around body
What is the function of Globulin?: -antibodies
-defense system
What is the function of Fibrinogen?: -Strands to help hold clot together
-coagulation
A clot consists of?: -fibrin
-platelets
-blood
What are the two paths of fibrin production?: 1. Intrinsic - intravascular component
2. Extrinsic - extravascular
ACT and APTT are coagulation tests for?: intrinsic pathway
Bleeding time is a test for?: platelet function
OSPT is a coagulation test for?: extrinsic pathway

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Number of cards 93