Biochemistry2
Terms
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- Amino-Terminal(N-Terminal) Amino Acid
- the amino acid with the free-NH3+ group at the end of the protein.
- Carboxyli-terminal amino acid
- the amino acid with the free -COO-group a the end of a protein
- Residue(amino acid)
- an amino acid unit in a polypeptides
- Hydrophobic
- WAter-fearing; a hydrophobic substance does not dissolve in water
- Hydrophilic
- Water-loving; a hydrophilic substance dissolves in water
- Disulfide Bond
- An S-S bond formed between 2 cysteine side chains; cna join 2 peptide chains togethere or caue a lop in a peptide chain
- Simple protein
- a protein composed of only amino acid residues
- Conjugated Protein
- a protein that incorporates one or more non-amino acid unitys in its structure
- Hemoglobin
- is a conjugated quaternary protein composed of four polypeptide chains(2 alpha chains and 2 Beta) held 2gether by the interaction of hydrophobic grous and 4 heme groups.
- Non-covalent forces
- forces of attraction other than covalen bonds that can act between molecules or within molecules.
- BIOCHEMISTRY
- the study of life processes how do life forms produce energy
- Glucose
- is the most important simple carbohydrate in human metabolism. it is the final product of carbohydrate digestion that provide acetyl group for entry into the citric acid cycle.
-
3 types of "food" that act as "fuel" or
“building blocks†for animals: -
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins - Hydrolyze
- react with water to decompose or "split up"
- 3 classes of carbohydrates
-
1. sugars
2. starches
3. cellulose - Simple Sugar or monosaccharides
- building blocks for other sugars; in fact, they are the building blocks for all carbohydrates.
- Fructose
-
found in many plants
In humans, fructose tastes "sweeter" than glucose. - Dissacharides
- are essentially two monosaccharide (simple sugar) structures bonded together at one specific site.
- Lactose
- is a dissacharide formed from a glucose unit and a galactose unit. It has a beta linkage. A beta linkage occurs when the sugar units are linked from the top of one ring to the bottom of the other ring.
- Maltose
-
is another dissacharide. It consists of two glucose units connected together.
It is digestible by humans, so the glucose units are bonded together with an alpha linkage. - Polysaccharides
-
contain many monosaccharide units
-polymers - Anomers
- Cyclic sugars that differ only in positions of substituents at the hemiacetal carbon; the a-form has the –OH group on the opposite side from the –CH2OH;the b-form the –OH group on the same side as the –CH2OH group
- dextrorotatory(D)
- classification of R-glyceraldehyde which has a specific rotation of 8.7 degree in clockwise Direction
- Levorotatory
-
classification of S-glyceraldehyde that has a specific rotation of – 8.7o plane of polarized light was rotated
in the counterclockwise direction. - Diasteromers
- stereoisomers hta are not mirror images of each others.
- D-Galactose
- widely distributed in plant gums and pectins.I't s also a component of disaccharide lactose and is produced from lactose during digestion
- D-Fructose
-
often called levulose or fruit sugar occurs in honey and many fruits
-six carbon sugar
-ketohexose - Ribose
-
-five carbon sugars
-most important as parts of large biomolecules
-deoxyribose is differ from ribose by the absence of oxygen atom. - glycogen
-
-animal starch
-It is a polymer of glucose units that form branched chains.
-It forms small granules. - Amylose
- is composed of a linear polymer chains of glucose.
- Amylopectin
- like glycogen, is formed of branched polymer chains of glucose
- Reducing Agent
- Carbohydrates that react in basic solution with mild oxidizing agents.
- Cellulose
-
is a straight-chain polymer of Beta Dglusoe with B-1,4 link.
It's not digestable by human but digestable in animals. - Starch
- polymer of alpha-D glucose connected by alpha 1,4 lingks in straight-chain(amylose) and branched-chain(amlopectin)
- 3 most important Polysaccharide
-
1. cellulose
2. Starch
3. Glycogen - 3 kinds of Disaccharides
-
1.Maltose
2.Sucrose
3.Lactose - Kinds of Monosaccharidess
-
1.Galactose
2.Glucose
3.Fructose
4.Ribose adn 2 Deoxyribose - Glycoside
- a cyclic acetal formed by reaction of monosaccharide and alcohol accompanied by losing H2O