bio test 1
Terms
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- biology is...
- the science of life
-
cellular organization
cell theory - - all organisms consist of one or more cells. (cell is the basic unit of life). Cell theory states this
- sensitivity (aka ittitability)
- all organisms respond to stimuli
- homeostasis
- an organism will stay the same internally, even if the environment may change
- scientific method (definition)
- an approach to uncover truth by using systematic reasoning
- scientific method (two different types of reason)
- inductive and deductive
- inductive reasoning
- tying observations together by using hypothesis
- deductive reasoning
- taking generalizations and making specific predictions about them.
- atomic mass
- protons + neutrons
- isotopes
- atoms of same element, but with a different number of neutrons (same # of protons, same atomic #, different mass)
- radioisotope
- radioactive isotope. unstable nucleus
-
anion
cation -
negative
positive -
reduction
oxidation -
takes up more electrons (more negative charge)
loses electron
(more positive charge) - electronegativity
- the ability of an atom to attract an electron during a chemical reaction
- 4 types of chemical bonds:
-
ionic bonds
covalent
polar covalent
hydrogen - covalent bonds
- even sharing of electron pairs
- polar covalent bonding
- sharing of electrons is uneven.
- hydrogen bonding
- a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
- ionic bonding
- involves atoms with different electronegativity and involves a complete electron transfer
- different properties of water
-
surface tension
wetting capacity
capillary action
high surface heat
high heat of vaporization
heat of fusion
ability to act as a solvent - surface tension
- the attraction of one water molecule to another that results in COHESION. (way a bug can walk on water)
- wetting capacity
- when water molecules become attracted to other charged particles.
- adhesion
- two oppositely charged different molecules are attracted to one another
- capillary action
- result of cohesion and adhesion... meaning the movement of water through small pores.
- imbibtion
- the swelling due to the uptake of water
- high specific heat
- the amount of heat a certain amount of substance required for a given increase in temp.
- high heat of vaporization
- more energy is required to change phases. for water -- 586 calories
- heat of fusion
- freezing water that gives off heat energy. (like spraying plants with water when it freezes outside)
- solutes
- substances that dissolve in water
- hydration shell
- ions attracted to water. they form a hydration shell that is a layer of water that surrounds the ions
- immisicible
- a molecule is immisicible with water, meaning it doesn't mix with water
- PH scale
-
PH 1 = very acidic
pH 7 = neutral (water)
pH 14 = very basic - carbon skeletons
- large sequences of bonded carbon molecules
- 7 functional groups
-
1.hydroxyl
2.carboxyl
3.amino
4.carbonyl
a. aldehyde
b.ketone
5. methyl
6. phosphate
7. sulfhydryl - HYDROXYL group
- the alcohol group
- CARBOXYL group
- the acid group and makes an organic molecule acidic and water soluble
- AMINO group
- gives a solution basic properties
- CARBONYL group
-
has oxygen and carbon doubly bonded.
a. aldehyde - terminal carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. water soluble and polar.
b. keyton - one internal carbonds doubly bonded to an oxygen ion instead of terminally bonded. water soluble and polar - METHYL group
- nothing but carbon and hydrogen bonded together. water insoluble b/c electronegativity of H and O are almost identical. regular covalent bonds (not polar)
- PHOSPHATE group
- acts like a weak acid and is water soluble. tends to give off two hydrogens
- SULFHYDRYL group
- sulfur and hydrogen bonded together
- delta H
- amt of heat change during a reaction
- carbohydrates
- the principle energy source in most organisms. also involved in cell structure
- monomer
- simple sugar aka monosaccharide
- classifying a simple sugar
-
# of carbons:
3 carbons is triose
4 tetrose
5 pentose
6 hexose - dissacharide
- two monosaccarhides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage
- glycosidic linkage
- links the monosaccharide to make a disaccharide
- structural isomers
- have the same molecular formula but a differenct structure
- starch
- associated with food storage in plants
- glycogen
- associated with food storage in animals
- cellulose
- (polysaccharide) takes part in structural cell function and consists of glucose
- condensation or dehydration
- the removal of water that is needed to combine two monosaccharides. (reverse: hydrolysis)
- glucose - alpha and beta form
- ALPHA - hooks glucose atoms together to make glycogen. BETA makes cellulose that cant be digested by humans.
- exoskeleton (cellular) or chitin
- polysaccharide that serves as a structural function
- lipids
- hydrophobic. structural. more reduced b/c more H bonds. store energy. humans prefer glycogen over lipids
- essential fatty acid
- acids that humans can't produce in their body, required in diet.
- saturated fat
- single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. solid at room temp. (fat)
- unsaturated fat
- doubly bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. liquid at room temp. (oil)
- subcutaneous fat
- fat under the skin that serves as instillation (involves idea of homeostasis)
- phospholipids
- type of liquid that occurs when triglycerides are midding a fatty acid group
- steriods
- another type of lipid. cholesterol makes sex hormones and bile acids
- examples of steroids
-
testosterone, estradiol.
cortizone - PROTEINS
- linear sequences of amino acids
- proteins main functions:
-
1. enzymes are 99.9% of proteins. catalysts speed up chemical reactions and control different reactions
2. DEFENSE: proteins protect from viruses and bacteria. antibodies detect foreign objects in the body.
3. TRANSPORT: they move hemoglobin that carries oxygen to cells though the bloodstream.
4. support (structure): hair, elastic skin
5. MOTILITY: allow muscles to contract
6. REGULATION:
7. STORAGE: protein stores iron and calcium -
dipeptide bond
tripeptide bond
polypeptide chain -
- 2 amino acids hooked together
- 3 hooked together
- lots of amino acids together - primary structure of a protein
- linear sequence of amino acids. Ones primary structure forms, a higher secondary structure will form
- chaperone proteins
- help other proteins fold up if they cant on their own
- a denatured protein
-
a protein that has changed its shape. 3 factors:
1. temp change
2. change in pH
3. change in salt concentration