ACE certification Ch. 1
Terms
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- Cardiac Output
- The amount of blood that flows from each ventricle in one minute.
- Heart Rate
- The # of times the heart beats per minute
- Stroke Volume
- The amount of blood pumped from each ventrivle each time the heart beats
- Ejection Fraction
- the % of the total volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole that is subsequently ejected during contraction
- Oxygen extraction
- the amount of O2 taken from the hemoglobin (occurs in the capillaries of muscles) and subsequently used in exercising muscle cells.
- Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
- the body's energy source when a muscle fiber contracts and exerts force * the energy is from ATP
- Aerobic Energy system
- when adequate O2 is delivered into the cell to meet its energy needs
- Anaerobic Glycolysis
- the metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requireing O2. Sometimes called lactic acid system (lactic acid is the byproduct)
- Creatine phosphate system
- high energy phosphate material that is stored in cells can be immediately used to resynthesize ATP * one of the phosphagens
- Mitochondria
- specialized subcellular structures located within body cells that contain oxidative enzymes needed by the cell to metabolize food in to energy sources.
- Ischemia
- a local deficiency of blood supply caused by the constriction or obstruction of the arteries, which results in a decreased supply of O2 to the tissues.
- Angina pectoris
- sesation of pain or pressure in the chest often a result of ischemia. Often aggravated or induced by exercise or stress
- Anaerobic Threshold
- the point during high intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for O2 and anaerobic metabolism predominates. Also called lactate threshold.
- Glycogen
- the storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles
- Phosphagens
- Adenosine triphosphate ATP and creating phosphate CP. 2 high energy phosphate molecules that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells
- Kilocalorie
- the unit of energy most often used in exercise 1 kcal amount of heat that will raise the temp of 1 Kg of H2O 1 degree C
- Hyperventilation
- breathing faster than is necessary at a given pace
- Enzymes
- proteins necessary to bring about bio-chemical reactions
- Maximal O2 Consumption
- the total capacity to consume O2 at the cellular level
- Metabolic Equivalent MET
- a simplified system for classifying phusical activities where one MET is equal to the resting O2 consumption, which is approz 3.5 ml of O2 per Kg of body wt pre min.
- Vasodilation
- increase in diameter of the blood vessels especially dialation of arerioles leading to increased blood flow to a part of the body
- Vasoconstriction
- decrease in diameter of the vessels that supply blood to the abdoinal area
- Systolic blood pressure
- generally refers to the amount of pressure generated by the contraction of the left ventricle
- Diastolic blood pressure
- the amount of pressure in the system when the heart muscle rests between contractions
- Overload principle
- beneficial adaptions occur in response to demands applied to the body at level beyond a certain threshold (overload) but within the limits of tolerance and safety
- Venous System
- return to the heart of the circulatory fluids by way of the veins
- Specificity of training
- for a individual to become proficient at any given movement, that movement must be trained and practiced; a specific demand made on the body will result in a specific response by the body.
- Motor neurons
- nerve cells that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery signaling muscles to contract or relax, regulating muscular movement
- Neurotransmitters
- chemical substances such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmit nerve impuleses across synapses
- Acetylcholine
- a white crystalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline.
- Neuromuscular Junction
- the site at which a motor euron transmits info to a muscle fiber; the juction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies
- Myofibrils
- contractile proteins in a muscle fiber
- Actin
- contractile protein in a myofibril
- Myosin
- contractile protein in a myofibril
- Contractile proteins
- proteins primarily related to the process of muscle contraction
- Sarcomeres
- repeating unit of muscle fiber
- Sarcolemma
- the membrane surrounding sarcomere, which is the fuctional unit of a muscle fiber
- Sarcoplasm
- a gelatin like tissure surrounding the sarcomere
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- the form of endoplasmic retuculum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers.
- Sliding filament theory
- a generally accepted theory explaining the interaction between actin and myosin proteins and ATP to cause muscle contraction.
- Cross Bridge
- tiny projections from the myosin attach to the actin and form an actin-myosin bridge during muscle contraction
- Concentric Contraction
- a positive contraction that shortens the muscle
- Eccentric contraction
- a negative contraction that lengthens the muscle
- Isometric Contraction
- a contraction of individual fivers, but no change in the length of the whole muscle.
- Motor Unit
- a single motor nerve(from the spinal cord) and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
- Hypertrophy
- an increase in the # and size of myofibrils inside muscle fibers. An increased amount of myosin actin proteins that generate force
- Nervous inhibition
- both psychological and physiological; thinking a muscle is less capable than it actually is.
- Golgi tendon Organ
- a sensor which is part of the nervous system which protects against generating too much contractile force
- Dehydration
- a condition of having less than optimal level of body water
- Elasticity
- temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.
- Muscle Spindles
- the sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle from being stretched too far.