Biochemistry final
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- what are two main steps in protein synthesis?
- transcription and translation
- Durring which of the two main steps in protein synthesis is mRNA constructed?
- transcription
- which of the two main steps in protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?
- transcription
- a protein and a polypeptide chain always refer to the same thing? true or false
- false
- ploypeptide chains are constructed on ribosomes. in what two places in the cell can ribosomes be found
-
-free floating within the cell
-attached to the outside of the RER - where are lipids made
- SER
- one gene codes for what?
- one polypeptide chain
- in what cellular organelle is the energy from nutients converted into energy that can be used by the cell to do work?
- mitochondria
- what is the name for three nitroogenous bases on mRNA that are "read" together?
- codon
- what two things are carried on the tRNA molecule?
-
-mRNA
-anticodon - what are the three types of chemical bonds with which you should aready be familiar ?
-
-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen - which of the three type of chemical bonds is the strongest?
- covalent
- list the three subatomis particles and their charges
-
-protons +
-neutrons = neutral
-electrons - - which of the three subatomic particles is involved in the formation of chemical bonds?
- Electrons (-)
- list the functions of proteins
-
-P-protection
-R-regulation of acid base balance
-E-energy production
-S-storage
-S-structural and mechanical support
-R-regulation
-E-enzymatic catalysis
-G-growth and repair
-C-communication
-T-transportation
-C-coordinated movement -
-antibodies
-fibrinogen
-thrombin
are examples of which protein function? - Protection
- proteins are an example of which protein function?
- energy production
-
-collagen
-keratin
are examples of which protein function? - structural and mechanical support
- enzymes are an example of which protein function?
- Enzymatic Catalysis
-
-actin
-myosin
are examples of which protein function? - coordinated movement
- buffers are examples of which protein function?
- regulation of acid base balance
- Lipoproteins are examples of which protein function?
- transportation
- repressor proteins are examples of which protein function?
- Growth and repair
- iron + APOFERRITIN= Ferritin <now able to be stored in the liver. APOFERRITIN is an example of which protein function?
- storage
- neurotransmitters are examples of which protein function?
- communication
-
-insulin
-glucagon
are examples of which protein function? - Regulation
- what is the name of the chemical process in which amino acids are joined together?
- dehydration synthesis
- what is the mame of the chemical process in which the bond between amino acids is broken?
- Hydrolysis
- what determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain? Be Specific!!
- 1 strand of DNA / 1 gene
- what molecule is removed in dehydration synthesis and what molecule is added in hydrolysis
- water
- what cellular organelle protects the cell from the outside environment?
- plasme membrane
-
-contains DNA
-"brain" of the cell - nucleus
- makes ribosomes
- nucleolus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum ER is made up of two parts
-
-RER
-SER - contains enzymes that perform specializedtasks like lipid synthesis.
- SER
- carry proteins and lipids to the organelles or cell membrane. ribosomes are attached to this organelle also.
- RER
- digestive system of the cell-enzymes digest food particles
- Lysosome
-
-power house of the cell
energy contained by food is released here - mitochondria
- make proteins for protein synthesis
- ribosomes
- transcription takes place in the cell nucleus- mRNA leaves and travels to the ribosomes. then translation occurs. what process is this
- protein synthesis
- aka: dehydration synthesis
- anabolism
- a substance that can act as an acid or a base to buffer a solution, make it less acidic or less basic.
- Amphoteric substance
- a compound that changes pH slowlyin responce to the addition of strong acid or base
- buffer
- all amino acids exist in sterioisomeric form
- false
- when an amino acid has equal negative charges and positive charges-giving it a net zero charge, it is charged but neutral, it is said to be in what form
- Zwitterion form
- the range of pH values for physiological pH
- 7.35-7.45
- the point at which the zwitterion form forms
- isoelectric point
- which steriosomer form of amino acids does the human body utilize
-
the LLLLLLLLLLLLL form
the body LLLLLLikes the L form - what is required for a protein to posess Quaternary structure?
- more than 1 polypeptide chain
- give the example of a protein with Quaternary structure
-
-myoglobin
or
-hemoglobin - what bonds are associated with the quaternary level of protein structure?
-
-hydrogen bonds
-electrostatic bonds
-hydrophobic interactions
-disulfide bonds - what is the process of which the 3-d structureof a protein is destroyed
- denaturation
- what are three denaturing agents
-
-alcohol
-heat
-urea - which type of denaturation occurs under slow mild conditions in which proteins may recover by reversing the condition that caused denaturation
- reversable denaturation
- which type of denaturation cannot be reversed. it is a done deal. its 3-d structure is destroyed and cannot be recovered. EX: fried egg
- irreversable denaturation
- what are three ways in which proteins can be classified.
-
-shape
-function
-composition