Animal Health 7
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- What are 3 functions of blood?
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-supply cells with hormones, oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, water
-function in immune sytem
-remove waste - What are two blood functions in the immune system?
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-innate (granulocytes involved in phagocytosis)
-acquired (B and T lymphocytes) - What are 4 fluid componants of blood?
-
-water
-plasma proteins
-fibrinogen
-immunoglobulins (IG's & Ab's) - What are 5 examples of plasma proteins?
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-hemoglobin
-albumen
-lipoproteins
-glycoproteins
-transferrin - What are three formed elements of blood?
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-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets - What is the difference between plasma and serum?
- Serum is spun after clotting occurs which seperates out formed elements and fibrinogen, where-as plasma has an anti-coagulant mixed in so fibrinogen is present but uneffective (spun anytime)
- What are red blood cells composed of?
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-55-60% water
-30-36% hemaglobin
-5% organic matrix - What function do RBCs serve?
- -transfer oxygen (in HgB)
- What is the lifespan of RBC's and what destroys them?
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*species specific:
-70 days in cats to 150 days in horses
+destroyed from old age and from the spleen, liver, bone marrow - Where does fetal erythropoiesis occur?
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-allantois
-liver
-bone marrow - Where does adult erythropoiesis occur?
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-all bone marrow initially
-eventually limited to red bone marrow found in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones - What important hormone is produced in the kidney which controls RBC production?
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-erythropoietin
-responds to relative hypoxia due to anemia, altitude, and exercise - What are three things needed for RBC production?
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-protein
-minerals (Fe, Cu, Co)
-vitamins (B vit) - What is the difference between malnutrition and protein restriction?
- -malnutrition leads to anemia whereas restriction leads to decreased RBC production
- How long does it take for RBC to mature?
- -about 100 hours
- What are 4 types of granulocytes?
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-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes - Where are WBC's made?
- -bone marrow
- What are 4 functions of neutrophils?
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-phagocytosis
-chemotaxis
-life span only about 6 hours
-random destruction - Where are neutrophil reserves?
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-bone marrow
-circulating population
-blood vessel walls - What are three functions of eosinophils?
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-phagocytosis
-release antihistamines to control inflammationg
-elevated in allergy, parasitism, and immune related conditions - What are basophils called when in tissues rather than blood?
- -mast cell
- What are two functions of basophils?
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-phagocytosis (? I thought only monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils were?)
-release histamines to initiate inflammatory response by causin leaky vessels - What is the function of monocytes?
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-phagocytosis
-antigen processin gfor presentation to both B and T cells - What are monocytes called when in tissues?
- -macrophages
- Where are the sites of immunocompetence of lymphocytes?
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-B cells=bone marrow
-T cells=thymus - What are the secondary lymphatic organs of lymphocytes?
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-spleen
-lymph nodes
-tonsils
-peyers patches - What are the functions of B cells?
- -antibody production (plasma cells)
- What are the functions of T cells?
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-cellular immunity
-helper, killer suppressor, memory T cells - What are platelets also known as?
- ?megakaryocytes?
- What function to platelets serve?
- -clotting
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Where do you collect blood from a horse?
dog?
cat?
cow?
sheep/goat? -
-jugular
-cephalic/jugular
-cephalic
-tail/jugular/mammary
-jugular - What is the hemogram part of a CBC give you (4)?
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-RBC count
-WBC count
-HgB
-Hct - What do you get in a differential cell count of a CBC?
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-WBC's (n, e, b, m, l's)
-Platelets
-cell morphology - What would be different (and how) in a CBC for an anemic animal?
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-decreased RBC count
-decreased HgB
-decreased Hct - What occurs during anemia?
- -decreased oxygen carrying capacity from blood loss, decreased RBC production, and increase RBC destruction
- What changes can be seen in a CBC in response to infection?
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*species variability
-generally leukocytosis
-left shifts
-eosinophilia
-leukopenia - What are the two types of left shifts?
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-degenerative left shift (decreased WBC)
-regenerative left shift (increased WBC)
*both have increased band cells - What types of infections can cause eosinophilia?
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*increased eosinophils
-parasites
-allergy
-autoimmune - What type of infection can cause leukopenia?
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*decreased WBC
-viral disease
-endotoxemia
-septicemia
-enteritis - What is the purpose of a PCV?
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*Packed Cell Volume is also known as hematocrit reading
-number of blood cells to indicate anemia or dehydration -
What does a high PCV count indicate?
Low? -
-increased PCV indicates dehydration since the ratio of liquid is much less than formed elements
-anemia is indicated by low PCV counts