Human Anatomy & Physiology Test #1
Terms
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- Metabolism
- The sum total of all chemical reactions occuring in the cell or organism.
- Synthesis
- The combining of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole.
- Anabolism
- Synthesis reactions that require energy input (i.e. Protein Synthesis.
- Catabolism
- Breakdown reactions that liberate energy (i.e. glycolysis)
- Homeostasis
- Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
- What are some factors of human homeostasis?
- Temperature, blood glucose levels, pH, and osmolarity.
- Evolution
- Change in gene frequency through time.
- What is anatomy?
- Structure
- What is physiology?
- The study of biological functions of that structure.
- CHON accounts for how much of the body's composition?
- 95%
- What is CHON?
- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
- What are the ten characteristics of life?
- Reproduction, metabolism, organization, growth & development, motility, responsiveness, self-maintenence, digestion & excretion, cellular respiration, and biochemical unity.
- What organizes life?
- The cell
- What allows motility in humans?
- Skeletal muscles
- What does cellular respiration accomplish?
- ATP
- What is meant by "biochemical unity"?
- Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids all work together.
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what is the smallest unit of organization?
- The atom
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the atom?
- The molecule
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the molecule?
- The macromolecule
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the macromolecule?
- The organelle
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the organelle?
- The cell
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the cell?
- The tissue
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the tissue?
- The organ
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the organ?
- The organ system
- In the level of organizational hierarchy, what comes after the organ system?
- The organism
- Matter
- Anything with mass
- Energy
- Measured by its effect on matter; by its ability to do work.
- What is the first law of thermodynamics?
- The law of conservation of energy
- What does the law of conservation of energy teach us?
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed during transfer or conversion.
- What is the second law of thermodynamics?
- The law of entropy
- What does the law of entropy teach us?
- It takes energy to maintain order. Loss of energy leads to decay/randomness, which leads to entropy.
- What are the six types of energy?
- Radiant, Mechanical, Potential, Kinetic, Electrical, and Chemical.
- What gives off radiant energy?
- The sun
- What gives off mechanical energy?
- A bycycle.
- What contains potential energy?
- Stored energy, like a dam
- What is kinetic energy?
- Motion
- What is electrical energy?
- The movement of charged particles
- What holds chemical energy?
- Bonds
- What does it mean when an element is "inert"?
- It is stable with its orbitals filled
- When is an atom "reactive"?
- When it wants an electron
- What is an ion?
- A charged atom or charged molecule
- What, exactly, is pH?
- The power of hydrogen!
- What is a polar covalent bond?
- The unequal sharing of electrons
- What is water known as?
- The universal solvent
- What is a covalent bond?
- It shares electrons
- What is an ionic bond?
- There is a complete transfer of electrons (it gives one up completely)
- What is a hydrogen bond?
- It requires hydrogen
- Organic Compounds contain what type of bonds?
- Carbon-hydrogen
- Inorganic Compounds contain what?
- Water, acids, bases, salts, and carbon dioxide
- Water accounts for what percentage of Human body weight?
- 65%-75%
- How much of that water is in your cells?
- 30%-40%
- Solvent
- The liquid portion of a solution
- Solute
- Stuff in solvent
- Solvent + Solute = ?
- Solution
- Water is both _______ and ______.
- Cohesive and Adhesive
- Water is/is not polar.
- Water IS polar.
- What is another term for "polar"?
- Amphipathic
- Is water reactive?
- Yes
- Water allows what for other reactions?
- Water allows a medium for reactions to occur.
- What major sense relies on the phenomenon of water allowing a medium for reactions to occur?
- The sense of taste
- What is the only substance that has a higher heat capacity than water?
- Ammonia
- Water also acts as a lubricant. What part of the body demonstrates this?
- The brain (cerebral spinal fluid)
- Water also acts as transport. What part of the body demonstrates this?
- Blood
- Why does life exist?
- Because water floats.
- Acid
- Substance that donates a proton
- Base
- Substance that accepts a proton
- Salts are also called what (when in a solution)?
- Electrolytes
- What are the four classes of organic molecules?
- Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipid, and Nucleic Acids
- What are carbohydrates?
- Simple sugars
- What are carbohydrates used for?
- Fuel
- What is protein used for?
- Structure and regulation
- What is protein made out of?
- CHON
- What are lipids used for?
- Structure, fuel source, and cell membranes
- What are the dominant nucleic acids?
- DNA and RNA
- Carbohydrates make up how much of your body weight?
- 3%
- Are carbohydrates water-soluble?
- Yes
- What is the basic structure of carbohydrates?
- CH2O
- Dehydration Synthesis
- Combining electrons and losing a water molecule.
- Neurons only eat _________.
- Glucose
- When glucose is not present, neurons eat what?
- Muscle
- What happens when there is too much glycogen?
- It becomes a lipid.
- What is glycogen?
- A polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals and occurs primarily in the liver and muscle tissue. It is readily converted to glucose as needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs.
- Monomer + Monomer = ?
- Polymer
- Hydrolysis
- Cleavage of a water molecule in order to break a polymer.
- What are the three classes of lipids?
- Neutral fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol
- What are neutral fats used for?
- Fuel
- Are neutral fats charged?
- No, they're NEUTRAL. Duh!
- What are phospholipids used for?
- Membranes
- Are phospholipids charged?
- Yes; they're amphipathic.
- What is cholesterol used for?
- Membranes, fluidity, base structure for all steroid hormones.
- Neutral lipids are made up of what?
- Triglycerides
- Neutral fats are made up of what?
- Carbohydrates
- Phospholipid
- Substitute one of the fatty acid chains with a phosphate group.
- Hydrophobic
- Not water-soluble
- Hydrophilic
- Water-loving
- How much of your body's weight do proteins account for?
- 10%-30%
- What are the four types of proteins?
- Structural tissue, regulatory, functional, and fuel source.
- What are some examples of structural tissue?
- Muscle, tendon, and ligament.
- What is an example of a regulatory protein?
- Enzymes
- What are some examples of Functional proteins?
- Neurotransmitters, most hormones, and antibodies.
- When are proteins used as a fuel source?
- Only in cases of starvation
- What is the primary structure of an amino acid responsible for?
- Sequence of amino acids
- What is the secondary structure of an amino acid responsible for?
- Folds, pleated, or helix shape
- What is the tertiary structure of an amino acid responsible for?
- 3D shape
- What is the quaternary structure of an amino acid responsible for?
- Multiple chains of amino acids
- What is an example of a molecule with a quaternary structure?
- Hemoglobin
- What the difference between RNA and DNA?
- RNA has uracil instead of thymine; it is single-stranded
- ATP has how many phosphate groups?
- Three
- What, essentially, is the bilipid layer made of?
- Phospholipids, cholesteroal, and proteins.
- How is a bilipid layer described?
- A thin layer of oil
- Why are cells compartmentalized?
- To seperate chemical reactions
- Cytoplasm
- Cytosol + organelles combined
- Impermeable
- Ions, glucose, and amino acids
- Permeable
- Lipids + lipid-soluble compounds- O2 and CO2
- Diffusion
- Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient. No energy is required.
- The rate of movement during diffusion depends on what factors?
- Concentration, permeability, and surface area
- Osmosis
- Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient.
- Pores in membranes also go by what two names?
- Channel proteins or gates.
- Water follows _________.
- Solutes
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Movement of a substance through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. Requires a protein "carrier".
- Active Transport
- Movement of a substance against its concentration gradient. This requires energy and a protein.
- Bulk Transport
- Requires ATP
- Endocytosis
- Cell is eating
- Exocytosis
- Cell is "excreting" (more like leaving a substance behind)
- Transocytosis
- Moving something through the cell and into the blood.
- Enzyme
- A substance, usually a protein, that decreases the activation energy for a chemical reaction. It is unchanged by the chemical reaction. It is a catalyst.
- Steroids and Oxygen move freely throughout _________.
- Membranes
- Facilitated diffusion is passive/active.
- Passive
- Activation Energy
- Energy required to get a reaction started
- Citric Acid Cycle
- One turn = lots of ATP
- What is translation?
- mRNA converts to amino acids
- Tissue
- A group of cells designed to perform a specific function.
- What are the four types of tissues?
- Epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous
- Epithelial tissue is responsible for what?
- Coverings and linings. Your skin is made of epithelial tissue.
- Connective tissue is responsible for what?
- Structure, support, and space-filling.
- What is muscle tissue responible for?
- Contractile movements, movement of the body
- What is nervous tissue responsible for?
- Conducting electrical signals, it is also exciteable.
- What is the function of epithelium?
- Controls permeability
- What are the five characteristics of epithelium?
- One surface is exposed, Protective, tightly bound, avascular, and highly mitotic.
- How is epithelium protective?
- Secretion (cell to cell), Absorption (to inside), and Excretion (out of body)
- What does being tightly bound do for the epithelium?
- Strength and connections
- What does "avascular" mean?
- "No blood supply"
- How does epithelium get oxygen?
- Cell-to-cell feeding. Cells near veins absorb blood and it diffuses through to other cells.
- If there are too many layers of epithelium, what happens?
- Cells die
- What is a good example of a useful dead layer of epithelium?
- The top layer of our skin.
- What does it mean when it is said that epithelium is "highly mitotic"?
- It replenishes itself constantly.