Biology - Exam 3
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- Describe the relationship between a parasite and it's host
- parasites are specialists,, they are usually able to affect only one variety of hosts, they can live inside or outside the host and the host can be a plant or animal
- grass -> rabbit -> eagle, what is the reaction between the grass and eagle?
- neutral
- niche overlap initially leads to what?
- competition
- The black and yellow bands of a wasp are an example of what?
- warning coloration
- why are there more insect species per square kilo in a brazilian rain forest than in a redwood forect of the pacific northwest of the usa?
- the tropics have been climatically stable for a longer period of time and the niches in the tropics are smaller than those in timperate areas
- are producers dependent on the other trophic levels as a food supply?
- no
- what to herbivores represent
- the primary consumers
- what must a pyramid of energy have?
- a base larger than the other components
- how does carbon enter the biomass of animal bodies?
- in the form of carbohydrates
- how is carbon introduced into the atmosphere
- by respiration, volcanic eruptions, and burning of fossil fuels
- what is the largest organ of the vertebrate body?
- the skin
- what do osteoblasts, cartilage, marry cavity formation, and calcium have in common?
- they are all associated with bone formation
- what kind of joints are freely movable and the bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity?
- synovial joints
- what happens during a muscle contraction?
- the myofibrils shorten, the actin and myosin filaments slide over each other, the actin filaments move tward the middle of the sarcomere during contraction and away on relaxation, and the muscle thickens
- what must normal activity in a motor system include? In a skeletal muscly system? In vertebrates?
- the presence of some medium or structural element against which force can be applied, in a skeletal coordinated contraction depends on reciprocal innervation of motor neurons to antagonistic muscle pairs, in vertebrates only skeletal muscle acts to move teh body through the environment
- the circulatory system has direct interactions whith what other systems?
- the digestive, urinary, and respiratory system
- aobut how many quarts of blood does a normal 150 pound human male have?
- about 4-5 quarts
- what does the pulmonary artery do?
- it carries blood away from the right ventricle
- where is blood pressure the highest?
- in the aorta
- what is hemostasis?
- in vertebrates it includes blood clot formation, vessel constriction, vessel spasms, and platelets releasing substances that cause them to attract each other
- what do the chemoreceptors in the brain do?
- monitor carbon dioxide content in the blood and control breathing
- where is a bolus formed?
- in the mouth
- what is in bile?
- salts, cholesterol, pigments, and lecithin
- what are cholecystokinin, gastrin, and secretin?
- hormones
- how do most cells use glucose during or shortly after a meal?
- as a source of energy
- where is the cecum?
- the structure located at the junction of the small and large intestines
- what are some good barriers to invasion by microbes?
- mucous membranes, eye secretions, urine, and gut bacteria
- what is the action of the complement system?
-
1. lysis of a pathogen's membrane
2. marking of pathogens for destruction by macrophages
3. attraction of phagocytes to scene of pathogen invasion - why are memory cells held in reserve?
- to be used for rapid response to subsequent intruders of the same type
- what is the purpose of a vaccine?
- to produce a mild case of the disease, stimulate the immune response, and cause memory cells to be formed
- what happens when the body is reexposed to a sensitizing agent?
- the IgE antibodies cause the production of prostaglandin and histamine
- what is the intestinal tract and example of?
- a habitat
- all of the populations of different species that occupy and are adapted to a give area are referred to as a what?
- community
- what denotes a niche?
- the range of all factors that influence whether a species can obtain resources essential for survival and reproduction
- would rainfall be more likely to affect an animal's habitat or its niche?
- it's habitat
- whta is mutualism?
- a relationship between two species in which they are dependent on each other for survival
- what does the rate of energy flow in ecosystems depend on?
- the ratio of producers to consumers...the requirements of an ecosystem change with age
- the larger the ecosystem...
-
1. the more flexible it is
2. the more efficient the producers are
3. the more energy must be put in
4. the more energy is abailable for the next trophic level - give an example of a primary carnivore and a primary consumer
- a wolf and a cow
- why are all living organisms dependent upon plants?
- because as producers, they form the base of food chains
- what is included in the human axial skeleton?
- skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column
- what is the another word for the kneecap?
- patella
- what mineral is stored in greatest quantity in bones?
- calcium
- in spongy bone tissue what are the spaces filled with?
- marrow
- haversian canals are characteristic of what?
- bone tissue
- what does exchage across a membrane require?
- moisture and pressure gradients
- what group of animals has the most efficient respiratory system?
- the birds
- what is the proper sequence in the flow of air in mammals?
-
nasal cavities
pharynx
larynx
trachae
bronchi - when humans breathe using only the mouth is filtering diminished more or less than warmning and moisturizing?
- more
- do humans have an open or closed circulatory system?
- closed
- what kind of blood does the rigt ventricle pump?
- oxygen-poor blood
- what makes up the greatest percentage of human plasma?
- water
- what type of cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes?
- white blood cells
- who was the first person to develop and demonstrate a successful vaccine?
- jenner
- what is involved in the barrier to invasion by microbes?
- urine, the symbiotic microorganisms already in the body, ciliated mucous membranes, and lysozyme and other enzymes
- what do lysozyme do?
- destroy the cell wall of invading bacteria
- what system includes a groups of about 20 plasma proteins, a cascade of proteins that counteract invasion by coating the invading cells, attracts phagocytic leukocytes to attack invading cells, and causes the lysis of the plasma membranes of invading cel
- the complement system
- what is absorption?
- the process that moves nutrients into the blood or lymph
- what is secretion?
- the process that releases digestive enzymes
- how is the colon different from the other four?
- it does not produce any secretions that aid in the digestive process
- is the esophagus an active participant in the digestive process?
- no
- what is peristalsis?
- the process that propels the food down the esophagus into the stomach
- how does a community differ from an ecosystem?
- a connunity does not include abiotic (nonliving) factors
- as an animal grows larger, by what does the surface area increase?
- the mathematical square of its dimensions
- what is characteristic of larval insects and amphibians?
- external gills
- how do adult insects exchange respiratory gases?
- by means of tracheae
- where are blood capillaries, alveolar sacs, interstitial fluid, and connective tissue all found in?
- lung tissue
- what controls the contraction of the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage?
- areas of the brain