exam sci. vocab
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- moment magnitude scale
- a scale that rates earthquakes by estamatng the total energy released by an earthquake
- magma chamber
- poket beneath a volcano where magma collects
- lava flow
- area covered by lava, as it pours out of a volcano's vent
- silica
- material found in magma that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon
- hot spot
- area where from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it
- pyroclastic flow
- expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption
- Richter Scale
- scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves
- sill
- slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock
- shearing
- stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, in a sideways movement
- reverse fault
- a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward caused by compression
- hanging wall
- block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault
- friction
- force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface
- stress
- a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume
- normal fault
- a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension
- magma
- molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and from the mantle
- caldera
- a larger hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses
- viscosity
- resistance of a liquid to flowing
- compression
- stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
- seismograph
- device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth
- epicenter
- point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
- composite volcano
- tall, cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials
- extinct
- describes a volcano that is no longer active and is not likely to erupt again
- chemical property
- any property of a substance that produces a change in the composition of matter
- element
- substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
- aftershock
- an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area
- shield volcano
- wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions
- geyser
- fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground and errupts at a regular intervals
- focus
- point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake
- plateau
- a large flat area of land elevated high above sea level
- pipe
- long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to Earth's surface
- Mercalli Scale
- a scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they caused at a particular place
- earthquake
- shaking that results from the movement of rock benearth Earth's surface
- P wave
- type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground
- dormant
- describes a volcano that is not currently active, but that may become active in the future
- volcanic neck
- a deposit of hardened magma in a volcano's pipe
- batholith
- mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust
- cinder cone
- steep, cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano's opening
- anticline
- an upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust
- crater
- bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano's centeral opening
- tsunami
- a large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor
- volcano
- a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface
- surface wave
- type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface
- Ring of Fire
- major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean
- physical property
- any characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance
- lava
- liquid magma that reaches the surface; also the rock formed when liquied lava hardens
- pahoehoe
- hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth rope like coils
- S wave
- type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side
- vent
- opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano
- footwall
- the block of rock that forms the lower half of the rock
- magnitude
- measurment of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults
- dike
- slab of volcanic rock formed when magma forces it self ac
- compound
- substance in which two or more elements are chemically joined
- base-isolated building
- a building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake
- strike-slip fault
- type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little vertical motion
- liquefacation
- the process by which and earthquake's violent movement suddenly turn loose soil into liquid
- geothermal activity
- heating of underground water by magma
- island arc
- string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep-ocean trench
- seismogram
- record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph
- aa
- slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks; cooler than pahoehoe