Chemistry
Terms
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- Conservation of Matter
- matter cannot be created nor destoryed
- ions
- possess either positive or negative charges
- camphor smelling shape
- ball
- molecules
- are groups of non-metals that are covalently bonded together
- lone pairs
- electrons that cannon be bonded because they are already paired up
- Calcium flame
- orangish flame
- diatomic molecules
- molecules made up of two atoms of the same element ; simplest molecules
- Plum Pudding Model
- atom is divided into fluid and electrons. most of the atom is fluid and positively charged. Electrons are tiny and negatively charged
- molecular covelent are only bonds to
- smell b/c gas liquid or solid polar
- induced to induced dipole attraction
- attraction between two non-polar molecules- van der waals forces
- octet rule
- number of valence electrons in anions and cations add up to any multiple of 8
- Nuclear Model
- Atom can be divided into a nucleus and electrons that circle the nucleus . Nucleus occupies small amount of space, and most of the atom is empty space
- dipole to induced dipole attraction
- attraction between a polar and nonpolar molecule
- Ionic compounds
- made up of metal and non-metal atoms that are bonded by the attraction of their opposite charges
- Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group IIA
- Molecular covalent
- some dissolve, don't conduct electricity, liquid and gases, all non-metals. valence elctrons are shared
- Rows; periods
- rows of PT: sorted by atomic mass(left to right in the period)
- Non-metals
- poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Neils Bohr
- 1913 removed electrons from atom with different amounts of energy and reasoned that atoms orbit nucleus at different distances from nucleus. Created Solar System Model
- Copper Flame
- Blue green flame
- Electronegativity values between .5 and 2.1
- polar bonds
- # of electrons
- equals the # of protons because the total charge of an atom must be zero and electrons have -1 charge and proton a +1 charge
- Cations
- metal atoms that give up their electrons in an ionic compound to become positive
- Electron Cloud
- Surrounds nucleus and made up of fast moving electrons. Electron Cloud can be dived into separate orbits if looked at closely
- ions form to acheive
- 8 valence electrons to mirror the noble gases
- products
- Ending materials in a chemical reaction.
- Heisenberg
- stated that the exact position of electrons cannot be pinpointed. Discovered Cloud model
- electronnegativity values above 2.1
- bond ares ionic
- ketone
- minty, sweet, camphor
- Gamma Rays
- the strongest type of radiation given off from radioactive decay. Can go through inches of lead
- Sodium Flame
- yellow/orange flame
- Alpha particles take away
- protons changing the identity of an atom.
- Valence shell
- outer shell of an atom
- ketone
- -one ending
- Chemistry
- Study of matter and how it behaves and how it can be transformed
- dipole- dipole attraction
- bonding between two polar molecules. also known as hydrogen bonding
- Shell models
- models with different electrons levels called electron shells, shown in concentric circles
- Isotopes that last long are?
- considered stable
- X-ray
- a high energy short wavelength form of elctro magnetic radiation not as strong as gamma, and is stopped by millimeters of lead
- sweet smelling shape
- stringy
- hydroxide
- OH(-)
- nitrate
- NO3(-)
- bonded pair
- pairs of electrons that can be used during bonding
- receptor sites
- are made of large protein molecules
- triple bond
- A bond involving the sharing of three pairs of electrons
- nonpolar molecules
- type of covalent bond are equally shared between two atoms or elements producing no charged ends
- -one
- ending for minty smelling molecules
- Ionic bonds
- conduct when dissolved, brittle solids, non-metals and metals. Valence electrons are transfered from one atom to another
- reactants
- substances being mixed together
- polar molecules
- type of covalent bond sharing of electrons. Electrons are unequally shared producing slite different charge at the pole( end of molecule )
- Most Elements are
- Solids
- Nuclear Fission
- splits nucleus into two smaller ex. alpha decay
- space-filling model
- a realistic 3-d model to show how a molecule is arranged and how it take up space
- lewis dot symbol
- lewis dot structure of only one atom
- atomic mass can be used to
- find the number of neutrons
- Chemical Bonds
- the attraction that holds atoms together
- alkane
- gasoline
- Mendeleyev
- Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907)
- Chemical Reactions
- occure when atoms combine in different ways to form compounds with new properties
- minty smelling shape
- flat and round
- Columns; groups; families
- columns of periodic table: elements have similar reactivity, chemical formulas of compounds, and same number of valence electrons
- Carbonate
- CO3(2-)
- Valence electron
- electrons in valence shell
- # of liquid elements
- 3
- Core electrons
- electrons in inner shells
- Supernovas
- play large part in creation of elements larger than iron
- phosphate
- PO4(3-)
- ester
- sweet
- 1 O
- minty, camphor sweet
- ol
- alcohol ending
- naming ionic compounds
- Metals come first then non-metals atoms name adds "ide" to ending
- Isotope
- atom with different number of neutrons, but different number of protons.
- alpha rays
- the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive and stopped by paper
- amine
- fishy
- intermolecular attractions
- the attraction between molecules
- Flame test
- used to determine the presence of a metal atom
- electronegativity values below .5
- non-polar bonds
- double bond
- A bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms.
- unpaired electrons
- electrons that can be used during bonding
- electronegativity
- (chemistry) the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond
- cooling molecules
- make less fragrant
- Noble Gases
- Group VIIIA and are unreactive with a full outer energy ring except for helium which has 2 valences
- Metallic
- don't dissolve, do conduct, bendable, hard solids, all metals, valence electrons are free to move throughout substance
- Building Blocks of Matter
- Elements
- enantiomers
- molecules that are mirror images of each other, Stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another and non-superimposeable
- Anions
- non-metal atoms that gain electrons in ionic compounds to become negative
- Nucleosynthesis
- process of creating new elements through nuclear chemistry
- Potassium Flame
- pink/purple flame
- Metalloids
- have properties of both metals and nonmetals: 6 totals- Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Tellurium
- Beta particle
- a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope
- chiral
- A molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image. Typically a carbon atom bonded to four different atoms or molecules.
- electron domain theory
- each electron domain is as far away from each other as possible while being equidistant
- carboxylic acid
- putrid
- HONC 1234
- rules for how molecules bond. Hydrogen can bond once, oxygen twice, nitrogen three times, and carbon four times
- state must be in to smell
- must have portion of it in gas form
- alcohol
- sweet, minty, camphor
- Radioactive Isotopes
- less stable isotopes
- Stable Isotopes
- are result of stable nuclei
- # of Protons
- equals atomic number
- ionic bonds
- strongest bond between molecules
- molecules that are sweet smelling
- end in ate, have 2 oxygens
- stereoisomer
- A relationship between molecules where the atoms are bonded in the same order, but the positions of the atoms in space are different.
- fishy smelling molecules
- have the presence of nitrogen
- isomer
- molecule with the same formula but different smell
- catalyst
- (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
- Matter
- anything that takes up space(volume) and has mass
- Beta particles leave an atom with:
- one less electron and neutrons, but one more proton changing the identity of an atom
- changing nuclei
- requires massive amounts of energy
- # of neutrons
- is less precise
- sulfate
- SO4(2-)
- Atomic Theory
- idea that matter is made up of atoms
- Molecular formula
- the chemical formula of a molecular substance showing the types of atoms in each molecule
- Halogens
- Group VIIA
- JJ Thompson
- 1897- Idea of a subatomic negatively charged particle (electron). Made Plum Pudding model of the atom.
- Structural Formula
- diagram or drawing that shows how atoms in a molecule are connected
- Aqueous
- A substance that forms a clear liquid with water
- Lewis dot structure
- diagram of a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons
- Nuclear Fusion
- is when 2 nuclei join together to make one bigger nucleus
- Solar System Model
- Nucleus is center of atom. Nucleus is massive, and positively charged. Electrons move in circles around around the nucleus in specific orbits
- receptor site theory
- different molecules fit in different receptors in the nose
- Ernest Rutherford
- In 1911 discovered the atomic nucleus. shot alpha particles at center of atom and they bounced back
- Protons and neutrons
- amount for most of mass of an atom
- Electrons when heated
- get excited, move up energy levels, and then back down producing energy in the form of colored light
- 2 O's
- sweet or putrid
- alpha particle
- a positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the helium atom
- beta rays
- radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay stopped by aluminum
- Alcohol and Ketone smells
- sweet, minty, camphor, based on shape
- CO2
- nonpolar bond
- Atomic Number
- informs you of position on PT (elements numbered 1-114)
- only C and H
- alkane group
- Atomic number 20 and below
- considered stable if # of protons and neutrons equal
- 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
- the mass of a single proton or neutron
- networks covalent
- don't dissolve, don't conduct, very hard solids, all non-metals. similar to molecular covalent in bonding, but electron are shared in three demensions
- Atomic Mass
- mass of a element relative to other elements (it is the avg. of all masses of the elements isotopes)
- Alkali Metals
- Group IA
- alkane ending
- ane
- Reactivity
- tendency of an element to combine with others to make a new compound
- heating molecules
- make more fragrant
- Atoms
- the smallest building block of matter, so small needs hella high powered microscopes
- Basic Atomic Model
- 1918 Rutherford discovered protons. Model said nucleus is divided into protons(positive) neutrons(neutral).
- polyatomic ions
- anions that are made up of 2 or more elements
- Lithium Flame
- reddish flame
- rule of zero charge
- charges of anions and cations add up to zero
- h2o
- polar bond
- covalent bonds
- bonds found in molecules, and formed between non-metal atoms and share a pair of valence electrons
- Barium Flame
- greenish flame
- ic acid
- carboxylic acid
- Theory
- used to indicate it is supported by overwhelming evidence
- electron domain
- space occupied by electrons