Micro (Test 1)
Terms
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- Gram negative
- Having this type of bacteria in the bloodstream gives the potential for endotoxic shock.
- Antibiotic
- Substance originating from another organism used to kill bacteria
- Agar
- A gelatinous substance derived from seaweed used in artificial media; discovered by Koch.
- Prokaryotic
- E. Coli--> Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
- Rounds of Replication
- The fixed time it takes to copy DNA of an organism.
- No
- Can you serotype pillin, the protein which composes pilli?
- Bacteriocidal
- Kills bacteria
- Acid Fast
- All mycobacterium organisms are _________ _________.
- Chlamydia
- Gram-negative bacteria which requires a cell culture due to lack of cell membrane and inability to produce sufficient levels of ATP; similar to Rickettsia.
- Phospholipids
- Give the cell membrane of acid fast bacteria its structure.
- Opsonize
- To increase the susceptibility of bacteria to ingestion by phagocytes
- Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
- Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack *specific* antigens; commonly used in fluorescent light microscopy
- Positive
- Gram (positive/negative) rods will produce spores.
- Immunosuppression
- Lowering the body's normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances
- Cluster
- Divide along alternating axis (in regard to cell to cell arrangement)
- Dipicolinic Acid
- Bacterial spores are resistant to boiling because of the presence of a low water concentration; they're dehydrated because of the presence of the calcium salt of _________ _________.
- F
- Bacterial ribosomes are composed of the same proteins as human ribosomes. T or F
- Sugars
- Vaccines for bacterial organisms with a capsule are composed of __________.
- Viremia
- Virus in the bloodstream
- Fracastorius
- The individual who studied an STD that was incurable and fatal; named it syphilis ridding it of politicism.
- Muramic Acid and Glucosamine
- The two amino sugars that compose peptidoglycan in the murein layer of gram positive organisms.
- Daughter cells
- Fungal organisms create these when they are dividing; they do not divide through binary fission like bacteria do.
- Polymorphonucleur cells
- A type of WBC characterized by a lobed nucleus
- Sugars; Anti-phagocytic
- Capsules are made of __________ and compose an __________ layer.
- Cell membrance; nucleur material
- What two materials are the only absolutely necessary structures of a cell?
- Transpeptidation
- Formation of peptide cross-links between muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan synthesis.
- Mycobacterium (Acid Fast)
- Granulomas are associated with this type of bacteria.
- Leprosy
- Bacteria which grows at skin temperature and therefore experimenting with it on animals with fur is pointless.
- Protoplast
- A Gram positive organism grown in a lab setting in the presence of a cell wall synthesis inhibitor.
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- A fungal organism which causes meningitis in children; its virulence factor is its capsule.
- Bacteremia
- Bacteria in the bloodstream.
- Polar Multiple
- What is the most common type/shape of flagella?
- Mycoplasma
- A genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall; a common cause of pneumonia and UTIs
- Ribosomes
- Location of protein synthesis within both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
- Mycobacterium
- Type of organisms which are acid fast; include organisms which cause tuberculosis and leprosy.
- Acid Fast; Hydrophobic; Mycobacterium
- These types of organisms use phagocytic cells like a taxi cab. (Gram positive/Gram negative/Acid fast) (Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic) (Mycobacterium/Mycoplasma)
- Survival
- Bacterial spores are specialized for _________.
- Liposome
- Lipid sphere containing an aqueous core capable of transporting material through a cellular membrane; can be used as a mechanism of drug delivery.
- Antimicrobial
- Any substance used to kill bacteria
- Falling Titer
- The second blood sample has fewer antibodies than the first one; the patient is recovering from infection.
- Chain
- Divide along the same axis (in regard to cell to cell arrangement)
- Spore; Tetanus
- Clostridium tetani is in the form of a _________ and causes what disease?
- Negative
- Common antigen is found in all Gram __________ organisms.
- Puerperal Fever
- A disease spread from mother to mother in which after a women delivers a baby, within 24 hours she develops a fever and dies; the initial nosocomial infection.
- Rickettsia
- Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria which cause typhus; require cell cultures due to lack of cell membrane and inability to produce sufficient levels of ATP.
- Antibody
- Any of numerous Y-shaped protein molecules produced by B cells which bind to antigens leaving them disabled
- Urinary Tract Infections
- What disease is associated with pilli and flagella working together?
- Immunity
- The ability of a cell to react immunologically in the presence of an antigen
- Beta lactam; Transpeptidation; Positive
- Penicillin contains a _________ _________ ring which prevents __________ from occuring in the cell wall synthesis of gram _________ organisms.
- Capsule
- A large organelle that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria usually composed of polysaccharides
- Bacteriostatic
- When gram-negative bacteria are present in the bloodstream, there is potential for endotoxic shock, therefore to treat the patient we use a __________ agent.
- Polymers
- Bacterial cells from these for storage.
- Acid Fast
- Mycobacterium organisms; high lipid content
- Miasms
- The idea that looks can cause disease.
- Doubling Time
- The time that it takes the organism to double.
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- The process of taking genetic information from one organism and inserting it into another; eg) Humulin
- Blue
- Gram positive organisms stain this color.
- Attachment
- What is the function of pilli?
- Nosocomial Infection
- An infection acquired during hospitalization
- Carbon
- Poly Beta Hydroxybuterate stores this material.
- Antibody; Cell Mediated Immune
- Humans have two immune responses to pilli. They're an __________ response and a __________ _________ _________ response.
- Redi
- The individual credited with the initiation of biogenesis.
- Cholesterol
- Mycoplasma can grow on artificial media as long as serum is present. This is so because serum contains the necessary _________ that Mycoplasma organisms need to give their cell membrane structural integrity.
- Pleomorphic
- The shape of a mycoplasmal organism.
- Autoclaving
- The process of heating aqueous solutions above their boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure to achieve sterilization. (121 degrees C, 15 psi, 15-20 minutes)
- Peptidoglycan
- The murein layer of gram positive organisms is composed of what?
- Three
- A mother's antibodies remain in their offspring for about the first __________ months of life.
- Negative; Prokaryotic; Common Pilli
- E. Coli is Gram (positive/negative), is (eukaryotic/prokaryotic), and its virulence factor is _________ _________.
- Hydrophobic
- For engulfment to occur, target must be more __________ than the phagocytic cell.
- Are; Aren't
- Common Pilli (are/aren't) a virulence factor while Sex Pilli (are/aren't).
- Titer
- Blood test that measure the amount of antibodies in blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune status.
- Aristotle
- The individual credited with the initiation of spontaneous generation.
- Bacteriocidal; Positive; Lysis
- Penicillin is a (bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal) drug which inhibits gram _________ cell wall synthesis and exposes the bacterial membrane to _________.
- Flagellin
- The triple helix protein which composes flagella.
- Eukaryotic
- Candida albicans--> Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
- Artificial Media
- Used in microbiology to avoid contamination; more effective than cell cultures but cannot always be used
- Proteins
- Give the cell membrane of acid fast bacteria its function.
- Vaccine
- Immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies
- Binary Fission
- The process of division done by bacterial cells.
- Common Pilli
- What is the virulence factor of neisseria gonorrhea?
- Spore; Anthrax
- Bacillus anthrax is in the form of a _________ and causes what disease?
- Tumeral necrosis factor
- A process which is started by a shift in population of lymphocytes. Active guard cells are shifted to a revolt-like stage causing an attack on the patient destroying tissue and releasing additional cells signals that cause wasting away of patient.
- Selective Toxicity
- Agent/drug will kill organism and not the patient.
- Gonorrhea
- What disease is associated with pilli (not in conjuction with flagella)?
- Endotoxin
- Triggers an exaggerated immune response and is secreted upon the death of a cell.
- Acid Fast
- This type of cell wall has the highest lipid content.
- Serotype
- A group of microorganisms distinguished by their shared specific antigens
- 10-14 days
- After a bacterial organism whose virulence factor is a capsule invades a patient how long until that patient begins to produce sufficient levels of opsonizing antibodies to start recovery?
- Common Pilli
- Allows bacterial organisms to attach to a wide variety of surfaces.
- Biogenesis
- Life from life
- Macrophage
- A type of WBC characterized by a single, round nucleus
- Red
- Gram negative organisms stain this color.
- Antigen
- Any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates the production of antibodies
- Glycerol; Charge
- Molecules that need a carrier through acid fast bacteria cell membranes include anything larger than _________ and anything with a _________.
- Common Antigen
- What is the antigenic nature of Lipid A?
- Spheroplast
- A Gram negative organism grown in a lab setting in the presence of a cell wall synthesis inhibitor.
- Phagocytosis
- The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes
- Consumption
- Old name for tuberculosis.
- Neither
- HIV--> Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
- Urinary Tract Infections
- What type of diseases are commonly associated with flagella?
- Multiple Fork Replication
- This term explains how you can have a doubling time less than a ROR (round of replication).
- Bacteriostatic
- Stops growth of bacteria
- F
- Huma cells have a nucleur membrane while bacteria and fungal cells do not. T or F
- Plasma
- Prepared by spinning a tube of blood in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube; end up with serum + clotting factors.
- Yes
- Can you serotype flagellin, the protein which composes flagella?
- H-antigen
- What is the antigenic nature of flagella?
- Cell Cultures
- Not as effective as artificial media as it is more easily contaminated; cannot be autoclaved; must be used for some bacteria and fungi along with all viruses
- John Hunter
- First biologist to use animal models
- KDO
- Last core polysaccharide in gram negative cell wall structure.
- Rising Titer
- The second blood sample has more antibodies than the first one; the patient is becoming infected.
- Lungs and lining of the brain
- The two parts of the body that are primarily protected by a phagocytic response.
- T
- Not all bacterial cells can produce spores. T or F
- Cysteine rich spore coat
- This makes bacterial spores resistant to desiccation, acids, alkali, organic solvents, UV light, nucleur radiation, and X-rays.
- Growth Rate
- The number of doublings per hour.
- Tetanus; Anthrax
- Two examples of diseases which are caused by bacterial spores.
- H-antigen
- Bacteria which have flagella will move across a plate as it grows; which type of antigen do these organisms carry?
- Serotyping
- Using antibodies as a reagent to describe the surface of a protein, organism, or cell.
- Gonorrhea
- This bacterial disease does not spread throughout the body; it stays local and can cause urethra, eye, and throat infections among others.
- F
- Mycoplasma is a protoplast. T or F
- Polymorphonucleur; Macrophages
- The two types of phagocytic cells are __________ cells and __________.
- Lysozyme
- Found in body fluids and on all openings to the body and attacks 1,4 Beta linkages in gram positive cell walls.
- T
- It is easier to get at the genetic material of bacteria because there is no nucleur membrane present. T or F
- Spontaneous Generation
- The idea that life can arise from non-life
- Tuberculosis and Leprosy
- The two diseases commonly caused by Mycobacterium (Acid Fast).
- Selective Transport; ATP Production
- The two main functions of the cell membrane of acid fast bacteria are _________ _________ and _________ _________.
- Lungs and Brain
- Mycobacterium tend to accumulate in areas of high concentration of phagocytic cells. What are these two areas?
- Sex Pilli
- Involved with contact between bacterial cells and allows for the exchange of genetic information.
- Serum
- Blood plasma from which the protein fibrinogen (which causes clotting of the blood) has been removed.
- Capsule
- What is the virulence factor of pnemonia and meningitis?
- Murein Layer
- Peptidoglycan on the exterior of gram positive bacteria create what layer?
- Virulence
- The relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease; degree of pathogenicity
- Henle-Koch Postulates
- A system developed in the field of microbiology to distinguish between advantitious microorganisms and the true pathogen