Occupational strategies
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- Reformation
- religious movement-16 century-resulted in the formation of various Protestant churches. Monasteries were closed-nursing care suffered; almost caused total disappearance of male nurses
- Order of the deaconesses
- Earliest record of christian nursing. 1st public health nursing organization
- Sisters of Mercy
- Roman Catholic society formed by Catherine McAuley in Dublin. Sisters nursed victims of cholera epidemic in 1832.
- Catherine McAuley
- formed sisters of mercy
- Sisters of charity
- 1633 founded by St Vincent de Paul. Attendeed to ill in asylums and poor houses.
- Louise de Gras
- sisters of charity; first to establish the first nursing educational program
- Benedictine order
- St Benedict; located 1/2 way between Rome and Naples. Workers were sent throughout Europe, raising standards of education and culture and providing better care for the sick and poor. (Monks)Bathing was stressed as treatment for the sick.
- Crimean War
- English casualties were housed in a filthy barracks with no beds, furniture, basins, soap, towels ro eating utensils. Death rate= 60%; social conscience of England called for reform; Nightingale cleaned up hospitals- mortality rate decreased to 1%
- American Civil War
- (1861-1865) Clara Barton and Harriet Tubman tended ot the soldiers.
- American Red Cross
- Clara Barton 1882
- Dorothea Dix
- Appointed to superintend new nurses; recruited plain looking women over 35 who wore gray, brown aor black dresses with no bows and curls, jewelry, or hoop skirts, good moral and common sense
- World War 1
- Increased demand for nurses. Nurses needed a certificaiton of moral character and professional qualification by their superintendent of nurses and they were unmarried. Development of military hospitals provided medical and surgical experience to nursing students
- World War II
- Students had to be between 17-35 in good health, and with a good academic record. Married women and other who could work only part-time became acceptable; full commission status was granted iin the military to nurses
- Immigration
- influx added diversity
- Women's movement
- uneasy alliance between nursing and the women's movement because the women's movement has been directed toward opening up nontraditional fields of study/work for women
- Lavinia Dock
- active feminist; womens movement; uneasy alliance between nursing and the women's movement because the women's movement has been directed toward opening up nontraditional fields of study/work for women and encounraging them to leave the nursing field
- Nurse Cadet Corp
- 1943 established to address the nursing shortage during WWII
- Bolton Act of 1943
- 1st federal program to subsidize nursing education for school and student. Students committed to engage in essential military or civilian nursing for the duration of the war as payment of their tuition
- Nursing training Act of 1964
- purpose of the law was to increase the number of nurses through financial assistance to nursing schools, students, and graduates taking higher ed courses. Ensures better schools of nursing, carefully selected students and high standard of teaching and better health care for people
- Clara Barton
- American Red Cross; school teacher who volunteered as a nurse and directed relief operations during the civil war
- Dorthea Dix
- 1802-1887; conditions of the mentally ill; Her descriptive reports and careful documentation eventually resulted in the construction of state psychiatric institutions; care was improved
- Virginia Henderson
- theorist who taught the patient is a person who requires help toward independence
- Mary Mahoney
- First trained black nurse. Trained at the New England Hospital for women and children
- Mildred Montag
- Community college education for nursing 1959
- Florence Nightingale
- Established the nightingale trainign school for nurses at St. Thomas' hospital in london 1860
- Melinda Ann Richards
- America's first trained nurse. She spent her career moving from hospital to hospital in what seemed to have been an improvement campaign; she was a key figure in the development of nursing education
- Isabel Hampton Robb
- Made radical changes to nursing education. She cut down student's workday to 10 hr and eliminated free private duty services
- Lillian Ward
- Community health nursing; established the Henry Street Settlement with Mary Brewster and Lavinia Dock. She also introduced school nursing for children in school settings
- Margaret Sanger
- She and her sister opened the first birth control clinic in America in Brooklyn. She battled for free dissemination of birth control information for decades
- Goldmark Report 1923
- stated that lowering education standards endangers public safety; state legislation should be enacted to define and license a subsidiary grade of nurses; bedside nursing care and health teaching fro preventive care could be combined in one generalized service
- Brown Report 4948
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Nursing for the future
Ester Lucile Brown found that nursing education was not professsional; many diploma shcools still operated for the staffing of the hospital - Community College Education for nursing 1959
- Dr Mildred Montag; establishment for a 2 yr program leading to an associate degree in nursing. Development of the nursing technician, one with semiprofessional preparation and whose functions are predominantly technical
- Study of Credentialing in Nursing
- 1979- precipitated by disagreement/confusion between ANA and NLN on their respective roles in credentialing nurses. Recommendations include position statements concerning definitions of nursing. Entry into practice standards, control and cost of credentialing, accountability and competence, credentialing definitions, registration, certificaiton, education degrees, accreditation, charter
- National commission on Nursing Study 1983
- Focuses on nurses and physicians participating in a collaborative relationship in which nurses are included in clinical decision making and have authority and responsibility for their own practice. Establishment of salaries, benefits and educaitonal opportunities for nurses, commensurate with their responsibilities as professionals
- Health Proffessions Education
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Schools in Service to the Nation 1993- declared that the education and training of health professions were not adequate to meet the health care needs of Americans;
6 strategies include: develop programs of various levels of nursing educaiton 2) involve faculty in more direct patient care/nursing practice 3) focus on care of chronic patient populations 4) redirect focus to community based patients 5) continue to develop graduate-level clinical training programs 6) strategic planning within each nursing school and program - ANA
- American Nursing Association; membership open to rn's with a current valid license. Purpose include: improvement of health standards and availability of health care to all people. Foster high standards of nursing; stimulate and promote the professional development of nurses (American Journal of Nursing)
- Goals of ANA
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1)Assure that the rn is an essential provider in all practice settings through educaiton, research, collective bargaining, workplace advocacy, legislation and regulation
2) Collectively and collaboratively advocate for access to comprehensive quality care for all people
3) Multipurpose organizations will continue to be strong and efective at the state, national and international level - International council of Nurses
- the ANA and CNA are members
- NLN: National League of Nursing
- nurses and lay people concerned wiht improving nursing education, service and the devivery of health care in the US. Official crediting agency
- aan : American Academy of Nursing
- focuses on standards of health care, nurses' professional development and economic and general welfare of nurses. Optimize the well being of the American people and the world in general
- Natonal black Nurses' Association
- believe that black Americans and other minority groups are by design excluded from the meansto achieve access to the health mainstream of America. Pushed fro status of the black community
- Philippine Nurses Associatio of America
- Puupose is to uphold the image and faster the welfare of Filipino nurses as a professional group
- Clinical specialty organization
- Each nurse has need for at least two organizations, one that protects his/her broad professioanl interests and a second to maintain a cutting-edge on practice.
- Operating Room nurses
- voluntary organizations of RNs with a universal interest in the care of the surgical patient. An organization of perioperative nurses that unites its members by providing education, representation and standard for quality patient care
- Industrial Nurses
- (AAOHN) American Association of Occupational Health Nurses is a professional association fro RNs who provide on-the-job health care for the nation's workers. Promotes excellence in achieving workers health and saftey through education and research. Influencing legistaltion and regulatory issues that have an impact on health and safety
- AAN
- Professional organization of professional nurses in the US that focuses on standards of health care, nurses' professional development and economic and general welfare of nurses. Vision is to transform health care so as to optimize the well-being of the American people and the world in general
- National Council of State Board of Nursing
- Members consis of 61 boards of nursing. Publishes a quarterly newsletter, "Issues" and offers a series of video tapes on the NCLEX. Develops the NCLEX exam to test the entry-level competence of candidates for nursing licensure; regulates entry to nursing practice, continuing safe practice, and nursing and education programs.