Med Term Ch 7
Terms
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- adenoid
- lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
- adenoidectomy
- excision of the adenoids
- alveol/o
- alveolus (air sac)
- alveoli
- thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
- antibiotic
- a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
- anticoagulent
- a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (eg. heparin)
- antihistamine
- a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
- apnea
- inability to breathe
- arterial blood gas (ABG)
- analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
- asthma
- panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
- ateletasis
- collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
- auscultation
- to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
- bradypnea
- slow breathing
- bronch/o, bronchi/o
- bronchus (airway)
- bronchial tree
- branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
- bronchiectasis
- abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
- bronchiol/o
- bronchiole (little airway)
- bronchioles
- progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
- bronchitis
- inflammation of the bronchi
- bronchodilator
- a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
- bronchogenic carcinoma
- lung cancer; cabcer originating in the bronchi
- bronchoscopy
- use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
- bronchospasm
- constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle
- capn/o, carb/o
- carbon dioxide
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
- caseous necrosis
- degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
- chest x-ray
- x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph (PA, AP, lateral)
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- cilia
- hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cells secretions upward
- computed tomography (CT)
- CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
- continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
- use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
- crackles / rales
- popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
- cyanosis
- bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
- cystic fibrosis
- inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucusthat obstructs the airways leads to infectio
- diaphragm
- muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration
- dysphonia
- hoarseness
- dyspnea
- difficulty breathing
- emphysema
- obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
- empyema / pyothorax
- accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
- endoscopy
- examination insde a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
- endotracheal intubation
- passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway to delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (eg. oxygen, anesthetics, or air)
- epiglottis
- a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
- epistaxis
- nosebleed
- eupnea
- normal breathing
- examination methods
- techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system
- expectorant
- a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
- expectoration
- coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
- glottis
- opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
- hard palate
- bony anterior (front) portion of the palate
- hemoptysis
- coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs
- hemothorax
- blood in the pleural cavity
- histamine
- a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergicc reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of the blood vessels
- hypercapnia / hypercarbia
- excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
- hyperpnea
- deep breathing
- hyperventilation
- excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
- hypocapnia / hypocarbia
- deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood
- hypopnea
- shallow breathing
- hypoventilation
- deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
- hypoxemia
- deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
- hypoxia
- deficient amount of oxygen in the tissues
- incentive spirometry
- a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
- laryng/o
- larynx (voice box)
- laryngitis
- inflammation of the larynx
- laryngopharynx
- lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
- laryngospasm
- spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
- laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) / croup
- inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
- larynx
- voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocals cords
- lob/o
- lobe (a portion)
- lobectomy
- removal of a lobe of a lung
- lobes
- subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
- lung biopsy (Bx)
- removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
- lung scan / ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
- a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lung to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1). after radioactive material is injected in the patient's blood, and 2). as the patient breathes radioactive material
- lungs
- two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
- mechanical ventilation
- mechanical breathing using a ventilator
- mediastinum
- partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thumus gland
- mucous membranes
- thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete musus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
- nas/o, rhin/o
- nose
- nasal polypectomy
- removal of a nasal polyp
- nasal polyposis
- presence of numerous polyps in the nose
- nasopharyngoscopy
- use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths and cancers
- nasopharynx
- part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
- nose
- structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also house the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
- obstructive lung disorder
- condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
- or/o
- mouth
- oropharynx
- central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
- orthopnea
- ability to breathe only in an upright position
- ox/o
- oxygen
- PaCO2
- abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
- palat/o
- palate
- palate
- roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
- PaO2
- abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood
- parenchyma
- functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
- peak flow (PF) / peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
- measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
- percussion
- a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid contect of a cavity, such as the chest
- pH
- abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity
- pharyng/o
- pharynx (throat)
- pharyngitis
- inflammation of the pharynx
- pharynx
- throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx
- phren/o
- diaphragm (also mind)
- pleur/o
- pleura (lining of the lungs)
- pleura
- membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
- pleural cavity
- potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
- pleural effusion
- accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
- pleuritis / pleurisy
- inflammation of the pleura
- pnemonectomy
- removal of an entire lung
- pneum/o, pneumon/o
- air or lung
- pneumoconiosis
- chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
- pneumocystis pneumonia
- pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the HIV virus
- pneumohemothorax
- air and blood in the pleural cavity
- pneumonia
- inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
- pneumonitis
- inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts
- pneumothorax
- air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
- polysomnography (PSG)
- recording of various aspects of sleep (ie. eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders
- pulmon/o
- lung
- pulmonary angiography
- x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material
- pulmonary edema
- fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
- pulmonary embolism (PE)
- occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, must often caused by a blood clot
- pulmonary function testing (PFT)
- direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
- pulmonary infiltrate
- density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
- pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
- disease caused by the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesion (caseous necrosis)
- pulse oximetry
- noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
- radiology
- x-ray imaging
- restrictive lung disorder
- condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
- rhinorrhea
- thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
- right bronchus and left bronchus
- two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
- sinus/o
- sinus (cavity)
- sinuses
- air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
- sinusitis
- inflammation of the sinuses
- sleep apnea
- periods of beathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
- soft palate
- muscular posterior (back) portion of the plate
- spir/o, -pnea
- breathing
- spirometry
- direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
- sputum
- material expelled from the lungs by coughing
- stridor
- high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
- tachypnea
- fast breathing
- thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o
- chest
- thoracentesis
- puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)
- thoracoplasty
- repair of the chest involving fixation of the rips
- thoracoscopy
- endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope
- thoracostomy
- creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
- thoracotomy
- incision into the chest
- tidal volume (TV)
- amount of air exhaled afterl a normal inspiration
- tonsill/o
- tonsil
- tonsillectomy
- excision of the palatine tonsils
- tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
- excision of the tonsils and adenoids
- tonsillitis
- acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
- tonsils
- oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called the palatine tonsils
- trache/o
- trachea (windpipe)
- trachea
- windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the areaof the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi
- tracheostomy
- creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
- tracheotomy
- incision into the trachea
- upper respiratory tract infection (URI)
- infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
- uvul/o
- uvula
- uvula
- small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape
- vital capacity (VC)
- amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
- wheezes / rhonchi
- high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema