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Med Term Ch 7

Terms

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adenoid
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
adenoidectomy
excision of the adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus (air sac)
alveoli
thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
antibiotic
a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
anticoagulent
a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (eg. heparin)
antihistamine
a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
apnea
inability to breathe
arterial blood gas (ABG)
analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
asthma
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
ateletasis
collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
auscultation
to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
bradypnea
slow breathing
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchus (airway)
bronchial tree
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole (little airway)
bronchioles
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchodilator
a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer; cabcer originating in the bronchi
bronchoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
bronchospasm
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle
capn/o, carb/o
carbon dioxide
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
caseous necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
chest x-ray
x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph (PA, AP, lateral)
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
cilia
hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cells secretions upward
computed tomography (CT)
CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
crackles / rales
popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
cystic fibrosis
inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucusthat obstructs the airways leads to infectio
diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration
dysphonia
hoarseness
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
empyema / pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
endoscopy
examination insde a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway to delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (eg. oxygen, anesthetics, or air)
epiglottis
a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
epistaxis
nosebleed
eupnea
normal breathing
examination methods
techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system
expectorant
a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
expectoration
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
glottis
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
hard palate
bony anterior (front) portion of the palate
hemoptysis
coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
histamine
a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergicc reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of the blood vessels
hypercapnia / hypercarbia
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
hyperpnea
deep breathing
hyperventilation
excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
hypocapnia / hypocarbia
deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood
hypopnea
shallow breathing
hypoventilation
deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in the tissues
incentive spirometry
a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
laryngospasm
spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) / croup
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocals cords
lob/o
lobe (a portion)
lobectomy
removal of a lobe of a lung
lobes
subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
lung biopsy (Bx)
removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
lung scan / ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lung to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1). after radioactive material is injected in the patient's blood, and 2). as the patient breathes radioactive material
lungs
two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
mechanical ventilation
mechanical breathing using a ventilator
mediastinum
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thumus gland
mucous membranes
thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete musus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
nas/o, rhin/o
nose
nasal polypectomy
removal of a nasal polyp
nasal polyposis
presence of numerous polyps in the nose
nasopharyngoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths and cancers
nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
nose
structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also house the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
obstructive lung disorder
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
or/o
mouth
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
orthopnea
ability to breathe only in an upright position
ox/o
oxygen
PaCO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
palat/o
palate
palate
roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
PaO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood
parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
peak flow (PF) / peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
percussion
a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid contect of a cavity, such as the chest
pH
abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx
phren/o
diaphragm (also mind)
pleur/o
pleura (lining of the lungs)
pleura
membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
pleural cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
pleuritis / pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
pnemonectomy
removal of an entire lung
pneum/o, pneumon/o
air or lung
pneumoconiosis
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
pneumocystis pneumonia
pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the HIV virus
pneumohemothorax
air and blood in the pleural cavity
pneumonia
inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
polysomnography (PSG)
recording of various aspects of sleep (ie. eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonary angiography
x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material
pulmonary edema
fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
pulmonary embolism (PE)
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, must often caused by a blood clot
pulmonary function testing (PFT)
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
pulmonary infiltrate
density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
disease caused by the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesion (caseous necrosis)
pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
radiology
x-ray imaging
restrictive lung disorder
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
rhinorrhea
thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
right bronchus and left bronchus
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
sinus/o
sinus (cavity)
sinuses
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
sleep apnea
periods of beathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
soft palate
muscular posterior (back) portion of the plate
spir/o, -pnea
breathing
spirometry
direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
stridor
high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
tachypnea
fast breathing
thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o
chest
thoracentesis
puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)
thoracoplasty
repair of the chest involving fixation of the rips
thoracoscopy
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope
thoracostomy
creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
thoracotomy
incision into the chest
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air exhaled afterl a normal inspiration
tonsill/o
tonsil
tonsillectomy
excision of the palatine tonsils
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
excision of the tonsils and adenoids
tonsillitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
tonsils
oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called the palatine tonsils
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
trachea
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the areaof the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi
tracheostomy
creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
tracheotomy
incision into the trachea
upper respiratory tract infection (URI)
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
uvul/o
uvula
uvula
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape
vital capacity (VC)
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
wheezes / rhonchi
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

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