Sadava Life the Science of Biology
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- Types of DNA
- tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
- What does tRNA do?
- Protein synthesis occurs halfway through
- What does rRNA do?
- Makes ribosomes
- Three Characteristics of Cells are...
- - All living things are made up of them - They come from previously existing cells - They are the basic unit of life
- Prokaryote or Eukaryote: Which has no "true" nucleus?
- Prokaryotes have no "true" nucleus or wrapped DNA.
- What are the two categories of eukaryotic cells?
- Plants and animals.
- 5 Special Characteristics About Plant Cells
- 1) Chloroplasts Synthesize food 2) Central H2O Vacuole 3) Cell Wall made of Cellulose 4) No centrioles 5) No lysosomes
- Cells have a larger volume or surface area?
- Surface area, because if not, they would not be able to function properly
- What do scanning electron microscopes do?
- See the exterior
- What do transmission electron microscopes do?
- See the interior
- Free-floating DNA in Prokaryotes?
- Closed Circular Naked DNA
- Is a virus a cell?
- No.
- What are the concepts of a cell wall?
- Hard, rigid and protects the cell; made of a sugar and protein, peptiologylcen
- Cencept of flagellum?
- Begins in plasma membrane and grows out; is entirely of protein
- How many membranes does an animal cell nucleus have?
- 2.
- Cycle of DNA?
- DNA and protein --> chromatin --> chromosomes
- What does the nucleolus do?
- It is concerned with making ribosomes.
- What is the Extension of the nuclear membrane?
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
- It serves to increase the cells surface area.
- Explain the 4 main concepts of a Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
- 1) has ribosomes embedded on its surface 2) concerned with protein synthesis 3) increased surface area 4) increased surface area for more ribosomes, to produce more proteins
- Explain the main concept of the Smooth ER?
- does NOT have ribosomes embedded on its surface b/c involved in fat synthesis or lipids
- Concept of the plasma membrane?
- consists of two layers of lipid molecules; keeps inside of cell away from outside; allows for the passage of materials
- What does the Golgi Apparatus look like and what does it do?
- consists of a series of flattened membrane sacks; involved in modifying and sorting proteins;
- How does the Golgi modify proteins?
- dice, connect together or attach sugar;
- What are the three things that a Golgi body can do to a protein?
- Sends proteins to make a lysosome (involved in food digestion); takes the proteins and sends them to the plasma membrane; take proteins and send them out of the cell to be secreted
- Explain Centrioles.
- always going to be located very close to the nucleus; paired structures (always two); involved in the cell division process; sit at 90 degree angles to each other;
- What is the make-up of centrioles?
- microtubules help form centrioles; groups of three ( triplet sets of microtubules, total number is 9) centrioles consists of 9 sets of triplet microtubules
- What is Peroxisome and what does it do?
- It's a microbody that serves to detoxify poisons; serves to regulate the oxygen levels inside of a cell; too much oxygen causes death and too little (obviously)
- What are free ribosomes?
- ones that are just floating in the cytoplasm, involved in protein synthesis; 60/40
- What is the make up of peroxisome?
- consists of enzymes one of the main ones is OXIDASE; take O2 and convert it into H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide); turns H2O2 with CATALASE into two molecules of H2O;
- Explain a mitochondia and its purpose.
- cellular organelle that carries out cellular respiration; produces all of the energy for the cell and is a chemical form of energy called ATP
- Explain the cytoskeleton.
- provides the framework and the support for the cell; gives the cell its shape and if possible, allows it to move; all comprised of fibers of protein