Psychology Terms Chapter 1 2
Terms
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- The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- psychology
- The founder of Psychology. He used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual or auditory stimuli. He printed the book 'Principles of Physiological Psychology'.
- Wilhelm Wundt
- This psychologists formed one of the first ideas of psychology, called structuralism.
- Edward B. Titchener
- Early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic omponents, or structures, of conscious experiences.
- structuralism
- Psychologist that created the idea of Functionalism
- William James
- Psychologists that emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality, called psychoanalysis
- Sogmund Freud
- Personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior
- psychoanalysis
- Russian psychologists who created another psychological approach called behaviorism
- Ivan Pavlov
- School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person's uniques potential for psychological growth and self-direction
- behaviorism
- Psychologists that strongly objected to structuralism, rather he agreed with the theory of behaviorism.
- John B. Watson
- This psychologist used reinforcement or punishment to shape the behavior of rats and pigeons.
- B.F. Skinner
- School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction.
- humanistic psychology
- Psychologist who founded humanistic psychology
- Carl Rogers
- Advocate of humanistic psychology
- Abraham Maslow
- perspective in psychology that studies the physical basis of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.
- The biological perspective
- Perspective that emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems.
- The psychodynamic perspective
- perspective that studies how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes. Many psychologists who work in this area also tries to explain and treat psychological disorders.
- The behavioral perspective
- perspective that focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a persons self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential
- The humanistic perspective
- perspective that focuses on on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember informations, develop language, solve problems, and think
- The Cognitive perspective
- perspective that studies how cultural factors influence behavior
- The Cross-cultural perspective
- The application of principles of evolution including natural selection, to explain psychological processes
- evolutionary psychology
- cultures that emphasizes the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual
- collectivitic cultures
- the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another
- culture
- the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures
- ethnocentrism
- cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group
- individualistic cultures
- focuses on the relationship between behavior and the body's physical systems, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics
- Biological psychology
- research focused on such basic topics as sensory processes, principles of learning, emotion, and motivation
- Experimental Psychology
- studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages of the lifespan, from conception to old age
- Developmental Psychology
- explores how people are affected by their social environments, including how people think about and influence others
- Social Psychology
- examines individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique, including how the characteristics originated and devoloped.
- Personality Psychology
- focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, precention, and treatment of illnesses
- Health Psychology
- studies how people of all ages learn
- Educational Psychology
- studies the relationship between people and work
- Industrial Psychology
- studies the causes, treatment, and prevention of different types of psychological disorders.
- Clinical Psychology
- a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to ivestigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions
- Scientific method
- Evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation
- empirical evidence
- the active process of trying to minimize the influence of preconceptions and biasis while rationally evalutating evidence, determing the conclusions that can be drawn from evidence, and considering alternative explanations
- critical thinking
- a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
- hypothesis
- A factor that can vary or change in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified
- variable
- A precise description of how the varibles in a study will be manipulated or measured
- Operational definition
- A brnch of mathematics used by reasearchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data
- statistics
- A mathmatical indication that research results are not very likely to have occured by chance
- statistically significant
- a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many reasearch studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends
- meta-analysis
- to repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings
- replicate
- a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations
- theory
- Scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events
- descriptive research methods
- the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting
- naturalistic observation
- an intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals
- case study
- a questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinons, behaviors, and characteristics of a particular group
- survey
- a selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied
- sample
- a selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics
- representative sample
- process in which subjects are selected randomely from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study
- random selection
- a reaserch strategy tha allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other
- correlation study
- a numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables
- correlations coefficient
- a finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing together
- positive correlation
- a finding that two factors vary systematically in the opposite directions, one increases as the other decreases
- negative correlation
- a method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and -effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor
- experimental method
- the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment
- independent variable
- the factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment
- dependent variable
- the process of assigning participants to experiamental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study
- random assignment
- in an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable or treatment of intrest
- experimental group/experimental conidition
- In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable or treatment of intrest; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared
- control group/control conditon
- In an experiment, a control group in which the participants are exposed to a fake independent variable.
- placebo control group
- any change in performance that results from mere repition of task
- practice effect
- changes in a subjects behavior produced by the subjects belief that change should happen
- expectancy effects
- Experimental technique in which neither the participants nor the reasercher interacting with the participants is aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned
- double-blind study
- In a research study, subtle cus or signals expressed by the reasearcher that communicate the kind of response or behavior that is expected from the participant
- demand characteristics
- a fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence
- pseudscience
- Alleged abilities or events that fall outside the range of normal experiance and established scientific explanations
- paranormal phenomena
- In order for a claim to be scientifically tested and proved true, there must be identifiable evidence that could prove the claim false.
- rule of falsifiability
- the mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not
- illusory correlation