usmle: micro I
Terms
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- what does Candida albicans do that distinguishes it from other fungi
- forms a germinal tube at 37C
-
what protozoal parasite results in dysentery w/ blood and pus in the stool, is transmitted via fecal-oral route, is diagnosed by cysts or trophozoites in the stool and forms liver abscesses and inverted falask-shaped lesions in the large int?
tx w/? -
e. histolytica
metronidazole - what is the most likely causitive organism for a patient with folliculitis after spending time in a hot tub
- pseudomonas
- what two viruses get their envelope not from budding but from coding
-
HIV
pox - which type of hepatitis can cause hepaticellular carcinoma
- B
- gas gangrene is associated with which clostridium species
- perfringens
- which dimorphic fungus is found as hyphae with nondescript conidia in rotting wood in the upper great lakes, ohio, mississippi, eastern seaboard of the US and southern canada
- blastomyces dermatitidis
- which parasitic organism, when it crosses the placenta, results in intracerebral calcifications, chorioretinitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, and convulsions
- toxoplasma gondii
- what staphylococcal species is pos for beta-hemolysis and coagulase
- staph a.
- what vector is assoc w/ malaria
- anopheles mosquito
- what is the term for hyphae w/ constrictions at each septum that are commonly seen in candida albicans
- pseudohyphae
- which cestode infection results in alveolar hydatid cyst disease
- echinococcus multilocularis
- which hepatitis virus is in the flaviviridae family
-
HCV
HGV - what nonmotile gram negative, non-lactose fermenting facultative anaerobic rod uses the human colon as its only reservoir and is transmitted by fecal oral spread
- shigella
- what is the only Rickettsia that is stable in the environment
-
coxiella burnetti
(doesn't need a vector) - regarding the viral growth curve, is the internal virus present before or after the eclipse period
- after the eclipse period
- what Ab is an indication of recurrent disease for hepatitis
- HBcAB
- what small gram pos, non-spore forming rod is a faultative intracellular parasite that grows in the cold and is assoc w/ unpasteurized milk products
- listeria monocytogenes
- what is the only DNA virus that is not icosahedral
- poxvirus
- which organsism causes trench mouth
- fusobacterium
-
t or f
all of the following are inactivated vaccines available in the US: influenza, vibrio cholera, hep A, rabies, and adenovirus -
F
adenovirus vaccine is live -
name the plasmodium spp...
1. no persistent liver stage or relapse; blood smear shows multiple ring forms and crescent-shaped gametes; irregular febrile pattern; assoc w/ cerebral malaria
2. no persistent liver stage or relapse; blood smear sho -
1. plasmodium falciparum
2. plasmodium malariae
3. plasmodium ovale
4. plasmodium vivax -
t or f
a pos PPD skin test indicates the patient has active pulmonary disease -
f
it tests exposure - what viral infection is kown to cause intracerebral calcification
-
CMV
toxo also causes intracerebral calcifications but it is a parasite - what motile, gram neg spiral bacillus w/ flagella is oxidase pos, urease pos, and assoc w/ gastritis, peptuc ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
- h. pylori
- what glycoprotein in the HIV virus is used for fusion
- GP41
- what Ag is needed to diagnose an infectious patient w/ hep B
- HBeAG
- which organism causes multiple infections by antigen switching
- borrelia recurrentis
- what is the first Ag seen in an individual w/ hep
- HBsAG
- with which DNA virus are guanieri bodies assoc
- variola (small pox)
- what nematode is known as pinworms? what is the tx
-
enterobus vermicularis
tx = albendazole - what protein allows mycoplasma to attach to the resp epithelium
- p1 protein
-
what organism is assoc w/ the following type of diarrhea...
1. day care-assoc diarrhea in infants
2. watery diarrhea from beef, poultry, or gravies
3. rice water stools
4. diarrhea assoc w/ raw or undercooked shellfish
5. blood d -
1. rotavirus
2. clostridium perfringens
3. vibrio cholera
4. vibrio parahaemolyticus
5. enterotoxigenic E. coli - which fungus is found worldwide on plants, is a cigar-shaped yeast in tissue form, and resultsin rose gardener's dis
- sporothrix schenckii
- what type of hepatitis is a picornavirus
- HepA
- what grap pos rod is distinguished by its tumbling motility
- listeria
- what is the vector for leishmania infections
- sandfly
- what is the term of the viral growth period when no viruses can be found intracellulary
- eclipse period
- what organsism causes Q fever
-
coxiella burnetti
(A rickettsia) - what are the three naked RNA virus
-
1. picornavirus
2. calicivirus
3. reovirus
PCR
and astro - HIV capsid, core nucleocapsid, and matrix proteins are products of what structural gene
- gag gene
- what facultative intracellular fungus is assoc w/ hepatosplenomegaly
- histoplasma capsulatum
- what type of hepatitis has the highest mortality rate among pregnant women
- HEV
- which gram neg diplococcus ferments maltose
- meningococcus
- are antibiotics helpful in treating a disease caused by a prion
- no
- what bacterium is rsponsible for woolsorter's disease
- bacillus anthracis
- what picornavirus is assoc w/ hand-foot-and mouth diseaes
- coxsackie A
- what is the only trematode that is not hermaphroditic
- schistosoma have boys and girls
- what water-assoc organism is weakly stained gram neg rod that requires cysteine and iron from growth
-
legionella
*all the "ellas" req cysteine for growth - with what virus are Downey type II cells assoc
- EBV
-
t or f
interferons are eukaryotic proteins that inhibit viral replication by being virus specific -
false
interferons are produced by virally infected cells to inhibit viral replication via RNA endonucleases. They do not act directly on the virus, nor ar they virus specific - what is the vector for yellow fever
- aedes mosquito
- what sm, facultative gram neg intracellular rod's transmission is assoc w/ unpasterurized dairy products and undulant fever
- brucella
-
t or f
all proteus spp are urease pos - t
-
which genus of dermatophytes is assoc w/ the following asites of infection...
1. nails and skin
2. hair and skin
3. skin, hair, and nails -
1. epidermophyton
2. microsporum
3. trichophyton - what protein of the HIV virus does ELISA detect
- P24
- what genus of bacteria is described by catalase-pos, gram pos cocci in clusters
- staph
-
t or f
vibrio parahemolyticus req NaCl in its growth medium -
t
staph a. and group D enterococci also grow in high salt media - what virus causes sm pink benign wartlike tumors and is assoc w/ HIV pos patients
- molluscum contagiosum
- what two bacteria are assoc w/ drinking unpasteurized milk
- bucella and listeria (the tumbler)
- what cestode causes cysticercosis
- taenia solium
- what DNA virus is assoc w/ exanthem subitum (roseola)
- HHV 6
- which acid-fast rod is an obligate intracellular parasite
- mycobacterium leprae
- what form of the plasmodium spp is ingested by mosquitoes
- gametocytes
- what sm gram neg aerobic rod requires Regan-Low or Bordet-Gengou medium for growth
- bordetella pertussis
-
t or f
streptococci have catalase -
f
staph have catalase - what three bacteria are pos to quellung reactive test
-
neisseria meningitidis
haemophilus influenza
streptococcus pneumoniae
-must have capsules
Quellung - swelling - a patient goes to the ER w/ abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating less thean 24 hrs after eating potato salad at a picnic
- staph a
-
t or f
all spore formers are gram pos -
t
(bacillus and clostridium) - what is the only DNA virus thata has reverse transcriptase
- hepadnavirus
- what enzyme does HIV use to integrate the proviral dsDNA into the host
- integrase
- what are the two hepatitis viruses that can be chronic and can lead eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma
- HBV and HCV
- what gram pos spore forming anaerobic rod blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ, resulting in reversible flaccid paralysis
- clostridium botulinum
- name at least two products of HIVs pol gene
-
protesase
integrase
reverse transcriptase - what form of plasmodium spp affects the liver
- hypozoite
- what sm coagulase pos, gram neg rod w/ bipolar staining is a facultative intracellular parasite resulting in buboes
- yersinia pestis
- what hemoflagellate spp is the cause of chagas dis
- trypanosoma cruzi
- to what host cell receptor does the rabies virus attach
- ACh receptor
- which hepatitis virus is in the picornaviridae family
- HAV
- Abs to what hepatitis B Ag provide immunity
- Abs to HBsAg
- what type of spore is defined as an asexual budding daughter yeast cell
- blastoconidia
-
which of the following characteristics accurately describe fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites
1. eukaryotic cell, 15 to 25 microns, 80S ribosomes, no cell walls, replicates via cytokinesis w/ mitosis and meiosis
2. sm prokaryotic cells; no -
1. parasites
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. viruses - what mosquito is the vector for dengue fever
-
aedes
(same for yellow fever) -
t or f
gonococcus in encapsulated -
f- meningococcus is encapsulated
no gonococcus - regarding the viral growth curve, is the external virus present before or after the latent period
- after
- what aerobic branching rod that is gram pos and partially acid fast is assoc w/ cavitary bronchopulmonary disease in immunosuppressed patients
- nocardia asteroides
- what obligate extracellular fungus is silver stain pos and is assoc w/ pneumonia in patients w/ AIDS
- pneumocystis carinii
- what Vi encapsulated gram neg motile anaerobic rod that produces H2S is assoc w/ enteric fever, gastroenteririts, and septicemia
- salmonella typhi
- what is the most likely organism causing cellulitis in a patient who was cut by an oyster shell
- vibrio vulnificus
- what virus is assoc w/ norwalk agent
- calicivirus
-
describe the organsism
1. beta-hemolytic streptococcus, pos cAMP; hydrolyzes hippurate
2. alpha-hemolytic strep; lysed by bile; sens to optochin
3. alpha hemolytic strep; not lysed by bile; not sens to optochin
4. beta hemolytic strep -
1. strep agalactiae
2. pneumococcus (strep pneumo)
3. strep viridans
4. strep pyogenes - what is the only nonmotile pathogenic clostridium spp
- perfringens
- if a virus has pos sense RNA, can it be used as mRNA or is a template needed
-
pos sense RNA can be used as mRNA
neg sense requires a special RNA dep RNA polymerase - where do adult tapeworms develop, in the intermediate or definitive host
-
adult tapeworms develop in the definitive host
cysticerci or larvae develop in the intermediate host - which strep spp is characterized by being catalase neg, turning bile exculin agar back, producing a pos PYR test, and resulting in biliary and urinary tract infections
- enterococcus (strep faecalis)
- what three carcinomas are assoc w/ EBV
-
burkitt's lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
thymic carcinoma - which organism causes trench fever
-
rochalimaea quintana
aka bartonella quintana - based on the onset of the sx, how are bacterial conjunctiviits from neisseria and chlamydia differentiated
-
neisseria gonorrhea conjunctivitis is 2 to 5 days
chlamydia trachomatis is 5 to 10 days - what toxin produced by clostridium tetani, binds to ganglioside receptors and blocks the release of glycine and GABA at the spinal synapse
- tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin)
-
t or f
all of the following are live attenuated vaccines
measles
mumps
variclla
francissela tularensis
rubeola
smallpox
yellow fever
sabin polio - true
-
what family do the following belong to
1. ebola
2. california encephalitis
3. hantavirus
4. rabies
5. RSV
6. measles -
1. filovirus
2. bunyavirus
3. bunyavirus
4. rhabdovirus
5. paramyxovirus
6. paramyxovirus - what microaerophile is a motile gramneg curved rod w/ polar flagella that causes infectious diarrhea at low doses
- campylobacter jejuni
- what bacterium is diagnosed useing the dieterle silver strain
- legionella
- how many strains of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharides are present in the vaccine
- 23 capsular polysaccharides
-
what nematode is known as whipworm?
tx? -
trichuris trichuria
albendazole - which strep pyotenes toxin is immunogenic
- streptolysin O
- a urethral swab of a patient shows gram neg diplococci in PMNs,
- neisseria gonorrhea
- a suspected dermatophyte infection is stained w/ KOH... what do you see
- arthroconidia w/ hyphae
- what neg sense RNA virus is assoc w/ cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis w/ photophobia
- measles (rubeola)
- which M-protein strain of strep pyogenes is assoc w/ acute glomerulonephritis
- M12
- what are the three Cs of measles
-
cough
coryza
conjunctivitis - what is the term given to arthropod borne viruses
- arbovirus (bunyavirus, flavivirus, and togavirus) and reovirus
- which organism causes weil's disease
-
leptospira
transmitted by rat -> hemorrhagic and renal sx plus juandice - what form of the plasmodium spp are injected into humans mosquito
- sporozoites
- what ssDNA virus must make dsDNA before it makes mRNA
-
parvovirus
(the only ssDNA virus) - what is the vector of african sleeping sickness
- tsetse fly
- what HIV enzyme prodces a dsDNA provirus
- reverse transcriptase
- what non spore forming gram pos aerobic rod produces bull neck, sore throat w/ pseudomembranes, myocarditis, and sometimes respiratory obstructions
- corynebacterium diphtheria