Chapter 6 Vocab

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A written document sent to someone outside of a company, usually formal in style and tone.: Business Letter
The words a person understands when he or she reads them or hears them spoken.: Recognition Vocabulary
Barganing through persuasion rather than argument to resolve disputes between two or more individuals or groups.: Negotiation
Sending and receiving messages; and exchange of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs between two or more people.: Communication
To supervise or check for accuracy.: Monitor
Words a person uses in speech or writing.: Active Vocabulary
To encourage or make something easier to accomplish.: Facilitate
The words that surround a particular word or passage that can shed light on the meaning of the word or passage.: Context
A note sent within a company used to aid the memory of the recipient, usually concerning office matters in a company.: Memorandum
A change in tone or pitch of a person's voice used to convey meaning.: Inflection
A clash or struggle that sometimes occurs when individuals or groups have different points or view.: Conflict
Facial expressions and body positions that relay a person's feeling.: Nonverbal Communication
A reaction or response to what is said, including verbal and nonverbal communication.: Feedback
The ability to understand another person's feelings and motives.: Empathy
To pull away from a volatile situation and give the other party time to cool off before attempting to resolve the conflict.: Withdrawal
A listening technique that requires the listener to repeat the speaker's ideas or thoughts in his or her own words.: Paraphrasing
An objective, third party expert used to help solve disputes.: Arbitrator
When each member of a negotiation gives up some of its demands and meets the other side halfway.: Compromise
Abductors: Muscles that separate the fingers.
Abductor Hallucis: Musles of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing.
Adductors: Muscles at the base of each fingers that draw the fingers together.
Abdctor Hallucis: Muscles of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing.
Anabolism: Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Angular Artery: Supplies blood to the side of the nose.
Anatomy: Study of the body structure that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the strucre of organisms, or of their parts.
Anterior Auricular Artery: Supplies of the front part of the ear.
Anterior Tibial Artery: See "Popliteal Artery"
Divides into two separate arteries know as the anterior tibial and the posterior tibial. goes to the goot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the goot with blood.
Anterior Tibial Nerve: See "Deep Peroneal Nerve"
A nerve that exteds down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to thses muscles and also to the muslcle and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes.
Arteries: Thick walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
Atrium: The upper thin walled chambers of the heart.
Auricularis Anterior: Muscles in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.
Auricularis Posterior: Muscles behind the ear that draws the ear backwards.
Auricularis Superior: Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upwards.
Auriculotemporal Nerve: Affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
Autonomic Nervous System: The part of the nervous systme that controls the involutary muscles, regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessles, and the heart.
Axon: The extention of a neuron by which impulses are sent away from the nerve cell.
Belly (Muscle): Middle part of a muslce.
Bicep: Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
Blood: Fluid circulation through the circulatory system (Heart, venins, arteries, and capillaries)
Blood Vascular System: Group of structures (heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body.
Body Systems: Groups of bodily organs action together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 10 major systems.
Brain: Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; larges and most comlex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, gland activity, and the power to think and feel emotions.
Buccal Nerve: Affects the muscles of the mouth.
Buccinator Muscles: Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheek and expels air between the lips.
Cappilaries: Thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins.
Cardiac Muscle: The involutary muscle that is the heart.
Carpus: The wrist; flexible joint compsed of a group of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments.
Catabolism: The pahse of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cell into smaller ones resulting in the release of energy to perform function such as muscular movements or digestion.
Cell: Basic unit of all living things, minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fendametal functions of life.
Cell Membrane: Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substnaces to enter and leave the cell.
Central Nervous System: Consist of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Cervical Cutaneous Nerve: Located at the side of the nect and the platysma muscle.
Circulatory System: System thta controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessles.
Clavicle: Collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula.
Common Carotid Artery: Artery that supplies blood to the face, head and neck.
Common Peoneal Nerve: A division of the sciatic nerve thta extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches.
Connective Tissue: Fibours Tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons.
Corrugator Muscle: Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Cranium: An oval, body case that protects the brain.
Cytoplasm: All the protopalsm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the watery fluid that contains food material necessary for growth, reproduction, and self repair of the cell.
Deltoid: Large Triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
Dendrites: Tree like branching of the never fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses towards the cell.
Depressor Labii Inferioris: Muscle surrounding the lower lip; depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side.
Diaphragm: Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdomianal region and helps control breathing.
Digestive System: The mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes.
Digit: A finger or toe.
Digital Nerve: Nerve that, with its brances, supplies the finger and toes.
Dorsal: A nerve that extends up from the toe and foot, just under the skin, suppieing impulses to toes and foot, as well as athe muscles and skin of the leg, where it is called the superficial peroneal nerve or the musculo cutaneous nerve.
Dorsal Cutaneous Nerve: see "Dorsal"
Dorsalis Pedis Artery: See " Popliteal"
Endocrine (ductless) Gland: Ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directily into the blood stream.
Endocrine System: Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activiteies, and health of the entire body.
Epicranial Aponeurosis: Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis.
Epicranius: The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull consistes of the occipitalis and frontalis.
Epithelial Tissue: Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and the lining of the heart, digestive and respitory organs, and glands.
Ethomoid Bone: Light spongy bone between the eye socket and forms part of the nasal cavities.
Excretory System: Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin , intestines, and lungs, that purify the body by the elimination of matter.
Exhalation: The act of breahing outwards, expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.
Exocine (Duct) Glands: Duct Glands that produce a substance that travels through small tuve like ductsw, such as the sudoriferous (sweat glands and the sebaceous oil glands)
Extensors: Mucles that straighten the wrist, hand , and fingers to form a straight line.
Extensor Digitorum Brevis: Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing.
Extensor Digitorum Longus: Muscles that bends the foot up and extends the toes.
External Carotid Artery: Supplies blood to the anterior (front) parts of the scalp , ear,face, neck, and side of the head.
External Jugular Vein: Vein located at the side of the nect that caries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck.
Facial Artery: Suppies blood to the lower region of the face. mouth and nose.
Femur: A heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee.
Fifth Cranial Nerve AKA : Traifacial or Trigeminal: The Chief sensory nerve of the fave, and serves, as the motor nerve of the muscle that controls chewing.
Flexors: Extensor muscles of the foot that moves the toes and helps maintian balance while walking and standing.
Flexor Figitorum Brevis: Muslce of the foot that move the toes and help maintian balance while walking and standing.
Flexor ***: Extensor mucles of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist.
Fibula: The smaller of the two bones from the leg below the keen. The fibula may be vissualized as a "bump" on the little-toe side of the ankle.
Fifth cranial nerve (also known as thifacial or trugminal): The chief sensory nerve of the face, and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.
Frontal Artery: Supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids.
Frontal Bone: Forms the forehead.
Frontalis: Anterior (front) portionof the epicranius; muscles of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
Gastrocmemius: Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down.
Glands: Specialized organs that remove certain constituents from the blood to convert them into new substances.
Greater Auricular Nerve: Located at the side of the nect, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland.
Greater Occipital Nerve: Located at the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.
Heart: Muscular cone shaped organ thta keeps the blood moving within the circulotory system.
Hemoglobin: Iron containing protien in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.
Histology: Science of the minute structures of organis tissues; microscopic anatomy.
Hormones: Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluidd to another parto of the body to stimulate a specific activity.
Humerus: Uppermost and larges bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Hyoid Bone: U shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.
Inferior Labial Artery: Suppiles blood to the lower lip.
Infraorbital Artery: Supplies blood to the mucles of the eyes.
Infraorbital Nerve: Affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
Infratochlear Nerve: Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose.
Inhalation: Breathing of air.
Insertion: Part of the muscle at the more moveable attachment to the skeleton.
Integumentary System: The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.
Internal Carotid Artery: Supplies blood the the brain, eye, and eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.
Internal Juglar Vein: Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood form the brain and parts of the face and neck.
Joint: Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.
Lacrimal Bones: Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets)
Latissimus Dorsi: Broad, flat superficail muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, controlling the sholder blade and the swinging movements of the arm.
Levator Angulis Oris: Also known as caninus, a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
Levator Labii Superiorus: Also known as quadratus labii superiorus, a muscles surrounding the upper lip; elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils as in expressing distaste.
Liquid Tissue: Body tissue that carries food, waste products and hormones, (blood and lymph)
Lungs: Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
Lymph: Clear yellowish fluids that circulate in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body; carries waste and impurities away form the cell.
Lymph Nodes: Special structures found inside the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph.
Lymph Vascular System: Body system that acts as an aid to the blodo system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymph vessles, and lymph glands.
Mandible: Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.
Mandibular Nerve: Affects the muscle of the chin and lower lip.
Masseter: Muscles that coordinate with the temporalis muscles in opering and closing the mouth, and are sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.
Macillae (Singular: Maxilla): Bones of the upper Jaw.
Maxillary Nerve: Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.
Median Nerve: Nerve that supplies the arm and hand.
Mental Nerve: Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.
Mentalis: Muscles that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles tha skin of the chin.
Metabolism: Chemical process taking place in living organisms whreby the cells are nourished and carry out thier activities.
Metacarpus: Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges.
Metatarsal: One of three subdivision of the foot comprised of five bones, which are long and slender, like the metacarpal bones of the hand, help make up the foot, All three subdivisions comprise 26 bones.
Middle Temporal Artery: Supplies blood to the temples.
Mitosis: Nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
Motor Nerves: Nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
Muscular Systems: Body systems that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue, contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Muscular Tissue: Tissue that contracts and moves part of the body.
Myology: Science of the nature, structure, function, and Diseases of the muscles.
Nasal Bones: Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal Nerve: Affects the point and lower side of the nose.
Nerves: Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held togethr by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
Nerve Tissue: Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions.
Nervous System: Body systems compsoed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve, controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently.
Neuron: Nerve cells; basic unit of the nervous system, consiting of cell body, nucleus dendrites, and axon.
Neurology: Science of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
Nonstrialted Muscles: Also clled involuntary or smooth muscle that functions automatically without conscious will.
Nucleus: Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell, plays an important part in cell reproduction and metalbolism.
Occipital Artery: Supplies blood to the skin and muslces of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown.
Occipital Bone: Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.
Occipitalis: Back of the epicranius, muscle that draws the scalp backwards.
Ophthalmic Nerve: Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball and nasal passage.
Orbicularis Aculi Muscle: Ring of the eye socket, enables you to close your eyes.
Orbicularis Oris Muscle: Flat band around the upper and lower lip that compresses, contracts, pukers, and wrinkles the lips.
Organs: Structures comjpsed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions.
Origin: Part of the muscle that does not move ; iti is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle.
OS: Bone
Osteology: Study of anatomy, structure, and function of the bones.
Palatine Bones: Form the floor and outer wall of the nose, roof of the mouth, and floor of the orbits.
Parietal Artery: Supplies blood to the side and crown of the head.
Parietal Bones: Form the sides and top of the cranium.
Patella: Also called the accessory bone, forms the knee cap joint.
Pectoralis Major. Pectoralis Minor: Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
Pericardium: double layerd membranous sac enclosing the heart.
Peripheral Nervous System: System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system. it has both sensory and motor nerves.
Peroneus Brevis: Muscles that orginates on thelower surface of the fibula. It bends the foot down and out.
Peoneus Longus: Muscles that covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward.
Phalanges: Bones of the fingers or toes (singular: Phalanx)
Plasma: Fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secreations to the cells
Platelests: Blood cells that aid in the forming of clots
Platysma Muscles: Broad Muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.
Platelets: Blood cells that aid in the forming of clots
Platysma Muscle: Broad Muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; respondible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.
Popliteal Artery: Divides into two separeat arteries known as the anterior tibial and the posterior tibial. The anterior tibial goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood.
Posterior Aurcular Nerve: Affects the musles behind the ear at the base of the skull.
Posteriror Tibial Artery: See "popliteal Artery"
Precerus: Covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrow, and cuses wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
Pronators: Muslces that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
Protoplasm: Clolorless Jelly like substance found inside cells in which food elemets such as protien, fats, carbohydrates, mireral salts and water are present.
Pulmonary Circulation: BLood Circulation from the heart to lungs to be purified.
Radial Artery: Artery that supples blood the the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand.
Radial Nerve: Supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.
Radius: Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb.
Red Blood Cells: Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs lto the body cells.
Reflex: Automactic nerve reactoin to a stimulus that involves the movement of specific muscles as a response to impuolse carried alon a motor neuron to a muscle causing a spontaneous reaction.
Reproductive System: Body system responsible for processes by which plants and animals produce off spring.
Repiration: Act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lings and wihin each cell.
Respitory System: Body system consisting of the lung and ir passages, anbles breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and elimiating carbon dioxide wastes.
Ribs: Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax
Risorius: Muscles of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back as in grinning.
Sapheneous Nerve: Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner of the leg and foot.
Scapula: One of a pair of shoulder blades; a large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder.
Sensory Nerve: Nerves that carry impulses or message from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch cold heat sight hearing taste smell pain and pressure are experienced.
Serratus Anterior: Muscles of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.
Skeletal System: Physical foundation of the body, comprised of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.
Smaller Occipital Nerve: Located at the base of the skull, affectes the scalp and muscles behind the ear.
Soleus: Muscles that orginates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.
Soleus Muscles: Muscles that orginates at the upper portion of the fubula and bends the foot down
Sphenoid Bone: Joins all of the bones of the cranium together.
Spinal Cord: The Portion of the central nervous system that orginatesin the brain, extends down ot the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal colum.
Sternocleidomastoideus: Muscle of the nect that lowers and rotates the head.
Sternum: Breastbone, flat bone that forms the ventral (Front Support of the ribs.
Straited Muscles: Also called boluntary or skeleta muscles tha is consciously controlled.
Submental artery: Supplies blood to the chin and lower lip.
Superficial Peronial Nerve: A nerve that wxtedns down the leg, just under the skin supplying impuolses to the muscles and the skin of the leg, as well as to the skin and toes on the top of the foot.
SuperFicial Temporal Artery: Artery that suplies blood to the muscles of the front side and top of the head.
Superior labial Artery: Supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose.
Supinator: Muscles of the forearm that rotate the radius outward and the palm upwards.
Supraoribital Nerve: Affects the skin of the forehead, scalp eyebrow, and upped eyelid.
Supratrochlear Nerve: Affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose.
Sural Nerve: Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg.
Systemic Circulation: Ciruclation of blood form the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart, also called the general circulation.
Talus: one of the three bones that comprise the ankle joint, the other two bones are the tibia and fibula.
Tarsal: One of the three subdivisions of hte foot comprised of seven bones(talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid) all three subdividoins comprise 26 bones.
Temporal Bone: Form the sides of the head in the ear region.
Temporal nerve: Affects the muscle of the tmeple, side of hte forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.
Temporalis: Temporal muscle; one of hte muscle involved in mastication (chewing)
Thorax: The chest; elastic; bony cage that serves as a protective fremworkfor the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
Tibia: The larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The tibia may be visualized as a "bump" on the big toe side of the ankle.
Tibial Nerve: A division of the scaitic neve that pases behind theknee, it subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscle o fthe calf the skin of the leg and the sole heel and underside of the toes.
Tibialis Anterior: Muscles that cover the font of the shin It bends the foot upward and inwards.
Tissue: Collectoin of similar cells that perform a prticular function
Transverse Facial Artery: Supplies blood the the skin and masseter.
Trapezius: Muscle that covers the back of the nect and uppper and middle region of the back, rotates and controls swining movements of the arm.
Triangularis: Muscle extending alonside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.
Tricep: Large muscle that covers the entire back of hte upper arm and extends the forearm
Turbinal Bones: Thin Layers of Spongy Bones on either of the outer walls of he nasal depression.
Ulna: Inner and larger bone of hte forearm. attached to the wrist and locatedon the side of hte little finger.
Ulnar Artery: Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of hte littel finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
Valves: Structures that temporarily clase a passage, or permit blood to flow in one direction only...
Veins: Thin Walled blood vesseles that are lesse elastic than arteries; veins contian cup like valves to prevent backflow and carry impre blood back to the various capilaties back to the heart and lungs.
Ventricle: The lower thick walled chambers of the heart.
Vamer Bone: Flat thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
White Blood Cells: Blood cells that perfom the function of destroying disease causeing micro organisms.
Zygonatic/Malar bones: Form the promenence of the cheeks, cheekbones.
Zygomatic Nerve: Affects the muscle of the upper part of the cheek.
Zygomaticuz: Muscle extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth, elevate the lip as in laughing.
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