Ch.21 Pharmacology
Terms
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- SERM
-
-Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
-with estrogen like effect on bones and fat. - sedative
- a mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep.
- respiratory
- treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of the respiratory system.
- purgative
- strong carthartic
- progestin
- female hormone that affects the lining of the uterus during pregnancy.
- narcotic
- habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility.
- laxative
- weak cathartic
- hypnotic
- produces sleep
- glucocorticoid
- hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation.
- gastrointestinal
-
-relives symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract.
-examples are antacids, antiulcer drugs, cathartics, laxitives, purgatives, antinauseants, antidiarrheal drugs. - estrogen
- female hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
- endocrine
-
-a hormone or hormone like drug.
-examples are androgens, estragens, progestins, SERM, thyroid hormone, andglucocorticoids. - pt
- patient
- gm
- gram
- gtt
- drops
- h
- hour
- h.s.
- at bedtime
- HRT
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- caps
- capsule
- cc
- cubic centimeter
-
_
c - with
- b.i.d.
- two times a day
- ad lib
- freely as desired
- a.c.
- before meals
- vas/o
- vessel
- vit/o
- life
- toxic/o
- poison
- thec/o
- sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
- prurit/o
- itching
- pyret/o
- fever
- pharmac/o
- drug
- or/o
- mouth
- narc/o
- stupor
- p.o.
- by mouth
- p.r.n.
- when requested (required)
- stimulant
-
-excites and promotes activity.
-examples are caffeine and amphatamines. - p.c.
- after meals
- thyroid hormone
- stimulates cellular metabolism
- myc/o
- mold, fungus
- lingu/o
- tongue
- hypn/o
- sleep
- esthes/o
- feeling, sensation
- erg/o
- work
- cras/o
- mixture
- alges/o
- sensitivity to pain
- aer/o
- air
- emetic
- promotes vomiting
- tranquilizer
- controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior
- diuretic
- increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body; antihypersensitive.
- cardiovascular
-
-acts on the heart and blood vessels.
-this catagory of drug includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium antagonists, diuretics, and cholesterol lowering drugs. - calcium antagonist
-
-blocks the entrance of calcium into the heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels.
-used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypersensitive.
-calcium channel blocker. - beta-blocker
- blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes.
- cathartic
- relieves constipation
- caffeine
- central nervous system stimulant.
- bisphosphonate
- prevents bone loss in osteoporosis
- bacteriostatic
- inhibits bacterial growth
- bactericidal
-
kills bacteria
(-cidal means to kill) - aromatase inhibitor
- reduces the amount of estrogen in the blood.
- 6 parenteral injections
-
1. Intracavitary
2. Intradermal
3. Intramuscular
4. Intrathecal
5. Intravenous
6. Subcutaneous - antipruritics
- against itching
- antiviral
- acts against viruses such as the herpesvirus and HIV.
- antiulcer
- inhibits the secretion of acid by cells of the lining of the stomach.
- antiplatelet
- reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together.
- antinauseant
- relieves nausea and vomiting; antiemetic
- antihisamine
- blocks the action of histomine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy.
- antiemetic
- prevents nausea and vomiting
- antidiarrheal
- prevents diarrhea
- antidiabetic
- drug given to prevent or alleviate diabetes meltitus.
- antidepressant
- releives symptoms of depression
- anticonvulsant
- prevents convulsions
- anticoagulant
- prevents blood clotting
- antibiotic
- chemical substance produced by a plant or microorganism that has the ability to inhibit or kill foriegn organisms in the body.
- cardiotonics or antiarrhythmie
- treats abnormal heart rythms.
- antiandrogen
- slows the uptake of androgens or interferes with their binding in tissues
- antacid
- neutralizes acid in the stomach
-
angiotensin II
receptor antagonist - lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels.
- anesthetic
- reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local.
- androgen
- male hormone
- analgesic
- relieves pain
- amphetamine
- central nervous system stimulant
- ACE inhibitor
-
-Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor
-lowers blood pressure.
-blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor) - vitamin
- substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health.
- United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.)
- Authoritive list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing.
- transport
- movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells.
- toxicology
- the study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body.
- toxicity
- harmful effects of a drug
- topical application
- drugs applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body; ointments, creams, and lotions are applied topically.
- tolerance
- becoming resistant to the action of a drug as treatment progresses, therefore, larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect.
- syringe
- instrument (tube) for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body.
- synergism
- combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone.
- sublingual administration
- drugs are given by placement under the tongue.
- side effect
- toxic effect that routinely results from the use of a drug.
- rectal administration
- drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum.
- receptor
- target substance with which a drug interacts in the body.
- Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)
- reference book that lists drug products.
- pharmacology
- study of the preparation, properties, uses, and actions of drugs.
- pharmacologist
- specialist in the properties, uses, and actions of drugs.
- pharmacokinetics
- calculation of drug concentration in tissues and blood over a period of time.
- pharmacodynamics
- study of the effects of a drug within the body.
- pharmacy
- Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs.
- pharmacist
- prepares and dispenses drugs.
- parenteral administration
- drugs that are given by injection into the skin, muscle, or veins (any route other than through the digestive tract).
- oral administration
- drugs that are given by mouth.
- molecular pharmacology
- study of interaction of drugs and subcellular entities such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes.
- medical chemistry
- study of new drug synthesis; relationship between chemical structure and biological effects.
- inhalation
- administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth.
- vasodilator
- when vessels widen to increase blood flow and lower blood pressure.
- vasoconstrictor
- when vessels shrink causing blood flow to decrease and increasing blood pressure.
- APAP
- acetaminophen (tylenol)
- H2 blocker
- histamine H2-receptor; antagonist
- MAOI
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor; antidepressant
- PCA
- patient controlled administration
- SSRI
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor; antidepressant.
- TCA
- Tricylic antidepressant
- sig.
- let it be labeled
-
_
S - without
- SL
- sublingual
- S.O.S.
- if necessary
- sc
- subcutaneous
- tab
- tablet
- t.i.d.
- three times a day.
- Q(q)
- every
- q.d.
- every day
- q.h.
- every hour
- q.h.s.
- every bedtime
- q.i.d.
- four times a day
- idiosyncrasy
- unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive individual, but not seen in most patients.
- iatrogenic
- condition caused by treatment (drugs or procedures) given by medical personel.
- generic name
- legal non-commercial name for a drug.
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Governmental agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use.
- contraindications
- factors in the patients condition that prevent the use of a particular drug or treatment.
- chemical name
- chemical formula for a drug
- brand name
- commercial name for a drug; trademark.
- antidote
- agent given to counteract and unwanted effect of a drug.
- antagonistic action
- combination of two drugs gives less than and additive effect (action)
- anaphylaxis
- exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a drug or foreign organism.
- aerosol
- particles of drug suspended in air.
- additive action
- drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each.
- addiction
- physical and psychological dependence on, and craving, for a drug.
- 6 ways to administer drugs
-
1. Oral
2. Rectal
3. Sublingual
4. Parenteral
5. Inhalation
6. Topical - qns
- quantity not sufficient
- q.s.
- sufficient quantity
- qAM
- every morning
- qPM
- every evening
- IM
- intramuscular
- IV
- intravenous
- mg
- miligram
- NPO
- nothing by mouth
- NSAIDs
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug.
- oz.
- ounce
- -mycin
- mold
- laparoscopy
-
-visual examination of the abdominal cavity.
-other names are:
*peritoneoscopy
*MIS (minimally invasive surgery) - achondroplasia
- an inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in both bone and cartilage. (dwarfism)
- acromegaly
-
-endocrine disorder.
-occurs when the pituitary gland produces and excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty. - mon/o
- one
- eosin/o
- rosy
- bas/o
- basic
- diplococci
-
-berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs.
-examples are pneumocci (bacterial pneumonia), and gonococci, which invade the reproductive organs causing diarrhea. - abscess
- a collection of puss, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection.
- gon/o
- seed
- hernia
- a protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it.