Microbiology Review
Terms
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- Define febrile
- Having or showing symptoms of a fever
- Define disease
- Departure from homeostasis
- Having or showing symptoms of a fever is called what?
- Febrile
- Departure from homeostasis is the definition of what?
- Disease
- Define Sputum
- Mucus and saliva mixture that results from a disease or infection
- A mixture of mucus and saliva that results from a disease or infection is the definition of what?
- Sputum
- Threadlike appendage on a cell that helps with locomotion?
- Flagella
- Define flagella
- A threadlike appendage that helps a cell with locomotion
- What is Koch's Postulate?
- 1) Microorganism is present when ill, but not when healthy 2) Regrow the microorganism in a pure culture 3) Introduce the cultured microorganism into a suitable lab animal 4) Should be able to find the organism in the lab animal
- Define cilia
- Hairs that surround a cell that help with locomotion
- Hair like appendages that surround a cell and allow for locomotion
- Cilia
- Are sporozoan motile?
- No
- Mastigophoran is what?
- A single celled animal
- How do bacteria and archaea differ?
- They differ in their molecular organization
- WHICH ANTIBIOTIC IS THE MOST COMMON TO INDUCE ALLERGIC REACTIONS? WHICH ONES ARE NOT ALLERGIC?
- PCN INDUCES THE MOST ALLERGIC REACTION. ALL ANTIBACTERIALS CAN BE ALLERGENIC
- A cell wall does what for the cell?
- Gives it its shape and protects it
- This cell structure both protects the cell and gives the cell its shape
- The cell wall
- What is the size range of a microorganism?
- 0.5 micrometers to 2 micrometers
- What is selective toxicity?
- The ability of a chemical or drug to kill a microorganism without harming its host.
- The ability of a chemical or drug to kill a microorganism without harming its host is the definition of what?
- Selective Toxicity
- What are the 4 elements of a Gram Stain Test?
- -Crystal Violet (stain) -Iodine (the mordant) -Alcohol (decolorizing agent) -Safranin (counterstain)
- What makes up the Outer Membrane?
- -Lipopolysaccharides -Phospholipids -Lipoproteins
- What makes up lipopolysaccharides?
- Lipid A and O Specific Polysaccharide
- These structures are found throughout the outer membrane and allow for the passage of nutrients to the cell
- Porins
- What is meant when a cell retains certain parts?
- The cell keeps what it wants inside of itself
- What is meant when a cell rejects certain parts?
- The cell will not let elements into the cell
- What is meant when a cell accepts certain parts?
- The cell allows elements into itself
- What is meant when a cell ejects certain parts?
- The cells "spits-out" what is does need or want
- What is meant when a cell is described as tumbling
- The cell is moving to no place in particular. It is "wandering aimlessly"
- What are the three types of spores?
- Subterminal, Central and Terminal
- Coenzymes are _, while cofactors are _.
- Organic; inorganic
- Passive Transportation is what?
- When materials can enter the cell freely
- Facilitated Diffusion is what?
- When materials can move into a cell only through carriers
- Active Transportation is what?
- When materials need both energy and carrier to move into a cell.
- In exergonic reactions energy _. In endogenic reactions energy _.
- is given off; is required
- Why were antibiotics called a miracle drug?
- They were selective in that they could kill microbes w/o killing the patient.
- Compare the terms Antibiotic and Antimicrobic
- ANTIBIOTIC-A SUBSTANCE COMPOUND (CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT) THAT KILLS OR INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA. ANTIMICROBIC- A SUBSTANCE THE KILLS OR INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF MICROBES. (BACTERIA, FUNGI, PROTOZOALS, VIRUSES)
- DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN NARROW-SPECTRUM AND BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBACTERIALS.
- NARROW-SPECTRUM AGENTS TARGET A SPECIFIC TYPE OF BACTERIA. BROAD SPECTRUM AGENTS INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF NEARLY ALL BACTERIA.
- WHAT IS THE COMMON PROBLEM OF USING A BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC?
- BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC DO NOT DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN UNDESIRABLE MICROBES AND THE NORMAL FLORA. BY ELIMINATING THE NORMAL FLORA, SUPERFINFECTION CAN RESULT.
- WHY DO SOME BACTERIA AND FUNGI PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS?
- TO INHIBIT OTHER MICROBES AND RETAIN MORE NUTRIENTS
- WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTIVE TOXICITY?
- A DRUG WITH COMPLETELY SELECTIVE TOXICITY WOULD BE 100 PERCENT LETHAL TO MICROBES AND HAVE ZERO EFFECT ON THE PATIENT. THE HIGHER THE SELECTIVE TOXICITY, THE LESS LIKELY THE PATEINT WILL EXPERIENCE SIDE EFFECTS
- WHAT IS A SIDE EFFECT OF CHLORAMPHENICOL TREAMENT?
- A SIDE EFFECT OF THE TREATMENT IS DEPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
- BASED ON ITS MODE OF ACTION, WHY IS PCN CIDAL?
- PCN IS CIDAL BECAUSE CELL WALLS CANNOT DEVELOP IN ITS PRESENCE. THEY BECOME THINNER AND THINNER UNTIL THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE BULGES AND THE CELL LYSES.
- DO DRUGS LIKE PCN AND CEPHALOSPORINS, WHICH ACT ON THE CELL WALL ACT EQUALLY WELL ON GROWING AND NONGROWING BACTERIA? WHY OR WHY NOT?
- DRUGS LIKE PCN AND CHEPHALOSPORINS DO NOT WORK WELL ON STATIONARY PHASE BACTERIA BECAUSE THE CELL WALLS ARE ONLY WEAKENED WHEN CELLS TRY TO MAKE NEW PG THAT NEEDS TO BE CROSS LINKED INTO THE EXISTING CELL WALL.
- WHY DO WE CALL SULFA HIGHLY SELECTIVE?
- SULFA DRUGS INHIBIT THE SYNTHESIS OF FOLIC ACID ,A VITAMIN THAT BACTERIA AND SEVERAL OTHER MICROBES MUST SYNTHESIZE ON THEIR OWN. HUMANS CAN NOT SYNTHESIZE FOLIC ACID; THEREFORE THERE IS NO INHIBITION TO HUMANS.
- NAME FOUR OTHER TARGET SITES FOR ANTIBIOTIC ACTION BESIDES THE CELL WALL.
- THE FUNCTION OF 70S RIBOSOMES IN TRANSLATIONAL ACTIVITY, THE INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL RNA SYNTHESIS, BACTERIAL DNA SYNTHESIS AND DISRUPTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
- HOW DOES B-LACTAMASE PROTECT A BACTERIUM FROM PCN AND OR THE THIRD GENERATION PCN, CEPHALOSPORIN?
- B-LACTAMSE IS AN ENZYME THAT DEGRADES PCN. CHANGES IN THE B-LACTAMASE (THE FOUR MEMBERED RING) MAKE IT RESISTANT TO THE ORIGINAL PENCILLINASE; but pencillanase has mutated again, so it can degrade cephalosporins, too.
- WHAT IS THE NOTED MECHANISM OF THE TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE?
- IN TERATCYCLINE RESISTANCE, BACTERIA OBTAIN A GENE THAT LITERALLY PUMPS THE TERATCYCLINE FROM THE INSIDE TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL.
- ARE TETRACYCLINES (ONE FORM OF THE BACTERIOSTATIC DRUGS)NARROW SPECTRUM? WHY OR WHY NOT?
- TETRACYCLINES ARE BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS BECAUSE ALL BACTERIA HAVE 70S RIBOSOMES.
- HOW DO FUNGI BECOME RESISTANT TO DRUGS THAT BIND TO ERGOSTEROL?
- RESISTANT FUNGI MAKE LESS ERGOSTEROL, SO THERE ARE FEWER TARGETS FOR ANTI-ERGOSTEROL DRUGS TO BIND TO.
- DRUGS DO NOT CAUSE MUTATION, THEY SELECT FOR RESISTANT CELLS. EXPLAIN.
- IF THERE ARE BACTERIA IN THE POPULATION THAT ARE NOT KILLED OR INHIBITED BY THE DRUG, THEY ARE SELECTED AS THE ONLY ONES THAT REPLICATE AND MULTIPLY.
- HOW CAN WE MINIMIZE THE SPREAD OF DRUG RESISTANCE?
- REDUCE THE AMOUNTS OF ANTIBIOTICS USED IN ANIMAL FEEDS, DISCOURAGE THE INDISCRIMINATE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN HUMANS, GIVE MORE THAN ONE DRUG SIMULTANEOUSLY TO COMPLETELY ELIMINATE INFECTIONS AS NEEDED
- WHY DO TETRACYCLINES HAVE LIMITED USE?
- BACTERIA HAVE BECOME RESISTANT TO THEM.
- WHAT PRACTICES HAVE LED TO WIDESPREAD DRUG-RESISTANT ORGANISMS.
- THE UNNECCESSARY USE OF ANITBIOTICS (SUCH AS TREATING COLD VIRUSES W/PCN OR USING TOO LITTLE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC SO THAT THE ORGANISISMS W/MILD RESISTANCE ARE NOT KILLED).
- WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY THE PATHOGEN BEFORE DECIDING ON WHICH THERAPY TO USE?
- IT IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE ANTIBIOTIC SUSEPTIBILITY OF THE ORGANISM CAN BE PROPERLY IDENTIFIED AND THE CORRECT ANTIBIOTIC DRUG CAN BE USED.
- WHAT IS DRUG SUSEPTIBILITY TESTING AND WHY IS IT DONE?
- IT DETERMINES WHICH DRUG WILL MOST EFFECTIVELY KILL THE ISOLATED MICROBE
- WHAT DOES A LARGER ZONE OF INHIBITION BY INFECTIOUS STRAIN A RELATIVE TO THAT OF STRAIN B INDICATE?
- IT MEASURES THE ANTIBIOTIC POTENCY AND WOULD INDICATE WHICH MICROBE IS MORE SUSEPTIBLE TO THE DRUG.