#11-----Review Questions Chapter 2 --------------A & P
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- A Calorie is a measurement of __________.
- energy
- A calorie is the amount of _______ required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C.
- heat
- Food energy is measured in __________.
- calories
- _________________ (sugars and polysaccharides) are the quickest, most readily available energy source for the body.
- carbohydrates
- The body does not store __________ __________ for the production of proteins, which are found particularly in muscles but also in all cells of the body.
- amino acids
- The unit molecule found in proteins are called __________ _________.
- amino acids
- The name "amino acid" refers to the fact that the molecule has two functional groups: an __________ group and an __________ group.
-
amino
acid - A __________ bond joins two amino acids together.
- peptide
- A __________ contains only two amino acids, but a __________ can contain hundreds of amino acids.
-
dipeptide
polypeptide -
T or F
The secondary structure of polypeptides is the final three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide. - False-it is the tertiary structure
- Pigment of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport?
- hemoglobin
- Proteins have both __________ and ___________ functions in the human body.
-
structural
enzymatic - Hemoglobin is a complex protein with a __________ structure.
- quaternary
- ________ ________ are the unit molecules for peptides and polypeptides.
- amino acids
- A quaternary structure:two or more linked __________.
- polypeptides
- A nucleotide has three unit molecules: list them
-
a phosphate group
a 5-carbon sugar
nitrogen base - When nucleotides join, they form a __________ __________ strand.
- nucleic acid
- The genes we inherit determine the types of __________ we can produce in our cells.
- proteins
- Both DNA and RNA are __________ of __________;only ________ is double-stranded. _______ makes up the genes, and along with RNA, controls __________ __________.
-
polymers of nucleotides
DNA
DNA
Protein synthesis - abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate
- ATP
- abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA
- abbreviation for ribonucleic acid
- RNA
- _______ stores energy in the body, _______ is a dietary source of energy, and _______ is fiber in the diet.
-
Glycogen
starch
cellulose - A fat contains two types of unit molecules: __________ and ________ __________.
-
glycerol
fatty acids - Fatty acids are either __________ or __________.
-
saturated
unsaturated - Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids are mostly found in vegetable oils and account for the liquid nature of these oils.
- unsaturated
- Steroids are __________ with a structure that differs entirely from that of fats.
- lipids
- In __________ __________, the individual is unable to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream and suffers from heart attacks.
- familial hypercholesterolemia
- Lipids include _______ fats (long-term, energy-storage molecules that form from ________ and __________ __________ _________) and the related ____________, which have a charged group.
-
nonpolar
glycerol
three fatty acids
phospholipids - Muscles contain _________ that account for muscles' ability to contract.
- proteins
- __________ are huge biomolecules that sometimes have mainly a structural function.
- proteins
- Some proteins function as __________, necessary contributors to the chemical workings of the cell and, therefore, of the body.
- enzymes
- Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed __________ _________.
- chemical reactions
- __________ are molecules that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions.
- acids
- __________ are molecules that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions.
- bases
- If this pH value drops below 7.35, the person is said to have __________;if it rises above 7.45, the condition is called __________.
-
acidosis
alkalosis - The prescence of __________ helps keep the pH constant.
- buffers
- __________ are polymers or chains of unit molecules joined together.
- biomolecules
- Glucose, fructose, and galactose are three common forms of ____________.
- monosaccharides
- Degradation of a disaccharide is a __________ reation because water is used to split a bond.
- hydrolysis
- Cells use ________ as their primary energy source.
- glucose
- Sucrose, which is ordinarily derived from sugarcane and sugar beets, is commonly know as __________ __________.
- table sugar
- A ______________ is a carbohydrate that contains a large number of monosaccharide molecules.
- polysaccharide
- Three polysaccharides are common in animals and plants: __________, ________, ________.
- glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
- If the blood contains more glucose, it spills over into the urine, signaling that the condition __________ exists.
- diabetes
- _________ is the storage form of glucose in humans.
- glycogen
- Fatty acids can be __________ (no double bonds) or ____________ (have double bonds).
-
saturated
unsaturated - When a fat molecule forms, ______ ______ _______ combine with __________ and three water molecules are produced.
-
three fatty acids
glycerol - Atoms can be different, as when oxygen atom joins with two hydrogen atoms to form water. When the atoms are different, a __________ results.
- compound
- An ___(magnetic resonance imaging) is the opposite of an Xray and is more useful for imaging ______ ______.
-
MRI
soft tissues - ___ (positron emission tomography) is a variation on CAT scanning.
- PET
- During ___(computerized axial tomography) scans, X rays are sent through the body at various angles, and a computer uses the X-ray information to form a series of cross sections.
- CAT
- because the water molecule has charged atoms, it is called a ______ molecule.
- polar
- Polar molecules are similar to magnets in that they have _______ and _______ poles.
-
positive
negative - _______ bonds cause water molicules to be cohesive---to cling together.
- hydrogen
- Without _________ bonding betwwen molecules, water would easily boil and easily freeze, making life impossible.
- hygrogen
- ______, ______, and ______ are compounds that dissociate;that is, they ionize in water.
-
salts
acids
bases - Salts, acids, and bases are _________ that dissociate;that is, they _________ in water.
-
compounds
ionize - Substances that break apart and release ions when put into water are called __________, since the ions can coduct an electrical current.
- electrolytes
- The __________ balance in the blood and body tissues is important for good health.
- electrolyte
- A carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons; therefore its atomic weight is ______ atomic mass units. The atomic number of carbon is six; therefore, it has ____ protons and _____ electrons.
-
12
6
6 - The atomic weight, or mass, of each atom is noted in the periodic table __________ the atomic symbol.
- beneath
- The subscript stands for the _______ _______ and the superscript stands for the ________ ________.
-
atomic number
atomic weight - Certain isotopes, called __________ __________, are unstable---they break apart to form smaller atoms and release radiation in the process.
- radioactive isotopes
- A central nucleus contains the __________ and __________, while the __________ are located outside the nucleus in shells.
-
protons
neutrons
electrons